Conflict Resolution Project | Case Study

Compromise Project | Case Study Lynette Renberg Strife is a piece of every one of our connections and kinship we persevere. It is critical to comprehend the unique situation and nature of contention so as to safeguard our connections. The circumstance is Pat and Chris have been putting something aside for their yearly excursion. For this get-away, Pat needs to go to the shore and unwind by the water, Chris needs to go climbing and outdoors in the mountains. They have for the most part had the option to work out their disparities, yet Chris feels firmly this year since a year ago they went with Pat’s decision. Pat gets a higher salary and contributes more than Chris to the outing every year. I will be assuming the job of Pat in settling this contention with Chris. The atmosphere that is by all accounts framing is a negative one. Chris isn’t with respect to the realities that Pat contributes more to the outing and isn’t thinking of her as decision of where to go. Additionally Pat isn’t with respect to where Chris needs to go for the outing she despite everything stays away from the way that Chris isn’t putting as equivalent measure of cash into the outing as she does. The atmosphere could keep on being negative if their correspondence remains disconfirming. Disconfirming correspondence is the point at which those show absence of respect to the contention and the other individual included. In the Knapp’s Model of Stages in a Relationship, this relationship is at the separating stage. Both Pat and Chris are showing contrasts that are causing struggle. This circumstance seems, by all accounts, to be a balanced clash style in which the two accomplices utilize a similar conduct. The two accomplices set aside up cash to go out traveling together consistently and the two of them choose together where to go with realizing each other has contrasts in where to go. My character Pat has more force than Chris. Pat gets more cash-flow and places more cash into the excursion than Chris does. Chris can stand up to Pat about how he feels about where to go for their excursion, yet Pat has all the more right and capacity to choose where they go until Chris pays similarly as equivalent sum for the outing to be reasonable. Pat needs to head off to some place with a shore to unwind by the water and shouldn’t need to pay more for the excursion since it ought to be similarly part between the two. Utilizing the Satir Model, one looks or examines their emotions, their partner’s sentiments, setting or spot, and subject is the issue of contention. There are five phases of this model. Mollifying can prompt shirking for one overlooks or doesn’t recognize their emotions. Jumping or Blaming is the point at which one overlooks or doesn’t recognize their partner’s emotions by accusing their accomplice and the result being a success lose. Processing is the point at which me, you, and setting are counterbalanced. The subject of contention turns into the principle center. Diverting is a conundrum on the grounds that no one’s sentiments are being recognized, there is no spot to go up against the circumstance, and the circumstance is in effect totally maintained a strategic distance from. Relational Style is the point at which all components are considered in which can prompt a success win result. Everyone’s sentiments are being voiced at a proper t ime and place and the circumstance is being tended to so as to be settled. For this specific circumstance, it is perfect to utilize the Interpersonal Style stage. That way Chris can communicate his emotions on how he unequivocally feels that he ought to choose where to go this year. At that point Pat can communicate her emotions on how she contributes more cash to the excursion and how she might want to head off to some place with a sea shore and unwind. Up to a decent time and spot is picked the circumstance can be tended to less protectively and antagonistic. Both Chris and Pat can talk things through by tending to each other’s emotions, why there is a circumstance, and make sense of together how settle the issue so everybody is glad. Another strategy to expand impression of the theme is by utilizing the Pillow Method. There are likewise five situations in the cushion strategy to normally move toward a success win result. By utilizing the position five and recognizing there is truth in all points of view can leave bargain and accord to accomplish a success win result to this contention. Here is a success win circumstance that can happen whenever followed right. Recognize the issue and neglected needs is Chris feels he ought to get the chance to pick where to go and what to do this yearly outing since Pat picked a year ago and it is recognized effectively. At that point Pat can address her sentiments on why she needs to go to the shore and the cash circumstance of her contributing more. Chris stands up to Pat and asks when a decent an ideal opportunity to discuss the excursion would be. So the two of them set a date to talk. During the time and spot chose to discuss the excursion, Chris can portray to Pat how firmly he feels about going outdoors and climbing this year. Pat would then be able to disclose to Chris that she comprehends what he is accustomed to and she can clarify how she is as yet contributing a ton to their yearly outing and that she truly needs to be almost a shore to unwind. Chris and Pat would then be able to arrange trip areas where it has outdoors , climbing, and a shore. Likewise perhaps Chris can contribute somewhat more to this outing. When they choose an area then they can finish on their answer and both partake in an awesome excursion together being content with getting what the two of them need. During this procedure, on the off chance that one gathering didn’t concur or effectively pass a phase, at that point they would need to begin once again to the suitable stage until both concur and effectively proceed through the stages. One section that will be troublesome in my game plan is the two gatherings making an effort not to be protective and remain touchy to each other’s feeling and neglected needs. The explanation this can be troublesome is on the grounds that since one gathering (Pat) contributes more cash for the outing they may get guarded and state since they get more cash-flow it doesn’t appear to be reasonable that they would go with Chris’ plans for outdoors and climbing. That could cause Chris to feel terrible and put him careful too. Chris may feel that his emotions and neglected needs are not being recognized. Or then again another situation is Pat could recognize Chris’ sentiments and bargain to letting him pick where to go on their excursion in which would result to a lose-win circumstance. With there being trouble in the arrangement for a success win result, here are a few outcomes of utilizing a success lose, lose-win, predicament, bargain strategy. A success lose result is contending where this way to deal with struggle includes high worry for self and low worry for other people. In the event that Pat sought after this result, at that point she would utilize her influence of how she gets more cash-flow and pays more for the outing to get her approach to setting off to a sea shore or any place she needed to go dismissing Chris’ sentiments and needs. A lose-win result is pleasing where one permits the other to have their route as opposed to attesting you own perspective. Pat could dismiss her own sentiments and needs by settling to go any place Chris might want to go this year. Predicament is maintaining a strategic distance from where individuals non-confidently disregard or avoid strife. Pat and Chris could maintain a strategic distance from the issue all toge ther and simply pick a spot to abandon settling their issues the two of them are feeling. This not far off could lead into a greater clash. Trading off which is a fractional impasse is when the two gatherings in any event give some of what they need, albeit both penance part of their objectives. Pat and Chris could settle on where to go and how much each will pay, yet this postponements and misfortunes the contention wherein the two gatherings don’t get what they truly need to be settled. An individual encounter where I could have utilized a success win struggle style approach is with my ex. The circumstance was my ex begun a new position working away in any event three weeks consistently and we barely were investing energy with one another. I was feeling disregarded and didn’t feel imperative to him. The result transformed into a lose-win. I ought to have assembled my emotions and neglected needs better and set a date to converse with him about how I was feeling. Rather I had passionate upheavals since I contained my feelings and everything came out at downright awful occasions. In the event that we made a date to talk, at that point we both could have portrayed the issue and our needs so we could be all the more comprehension of one another. By recognizing each other’s emotions and perspectives then we could have arranged what we needed to improve our relationship. When we made sense of what might make each other upbeat and reinforce our relationship t hen we could finish in our answer. Nonetheless, with having so much clash that was ineffectively settled we wound up going separate ways so we wouldn’t hurt one another or keep being miserable. My ex said a final farewell to me while I despite everything needed to make sense of an approach to make our relationship work. It turned into a lose-win circumstance on the grounds that the result went in the manner my ex needed and it wasn’t a result I needed. Compromise has numerous stages and results in every unique sort of circumstances. I have learned through this seminar on the best way to better my correspondence and resolve strife for a success win result in my connections. Pat and Chris will settle their contention while keeping their relationship unblemished and have a brilliant excursion doing the things they foreseen doing. By following the compromise model, can quality connections and assist resolve with clashing by tending to the issue, being delicate and liberal to each other’s purpose of perspectives, and haggling to arrive at an answer that satisfies the two gatherings. Circumstance Comedy: Analysis of Peep Show Circumstance Comedy: Analysis of Peep Show Carroll examines the kind of characters which the crowd find generally alluring in sitcoms: Much cleverness is irrefutably to the detriment of characters who are especially idiotic, vain, insatiable, brutal, savage, messy, lubricious, an

Business Communication and Business System Comparison

Question: Talk about the Business Communication and Business System Comparison. Answer: Presentation All the organizations of the world differ in their abilities. They are not made equivalent nor are their working techniques comparable. What might be a customary practice for one association might be an inadmissible for the other. The size of an association decides its working and method of work. There is a gigantic distinction between a little and an enormous association and in their business system and its multifaceted nature. In Australia, little and medium estimated venture is any business that has under 200 representatives paying little mind to their incomes created. In this exploration we have contemplated an enormous association and its parts and working and contrasted it with that of a similarly little association (Ingram, 2017). We have considered the manner in which they direct their business, contemplated their chain of command and their authoritative correspondence rehearses. This will give us an inside and out comprehension of successful methods of correspondence in a li ttle and enormous association. The enormous association, we have chosen for the examination is Apple Inc. which is an American worldwide innovation association and the independent company picked to investigate is Snagajob which is a site for quest for new employment headquartered in America (Johnson Phan, 2012). We have considered the associations and their worldwide impression, their business type, items and administrations gave by them, their authoritative objectives, strategic, their hazard taking capacity and their potential for additional development. Snagajob is a web search tool for employments having its home office in Richmond, Virginia. Established on seventeenth October 1999 by Shawn Boyer, this association has been remembered for the Fortune magazines incredible work environments list for last eight back to back years. It has additionally been named in Deloittes Fast 500, a desire of the quickest developing innovation, life sciences, media, telecom and clean innovation organizations in America (Deloitte, 2009). The author of the association Shawn Boyer has been the CEO of the association since its origin in 1999 till 2013. In April 2013, Peter Harrison was made the CEO of Snagajob and has been filling in as the equivalent from that point forward. Shawn Boyer was granted with the title of Americas private venture individual of the year in the year 2008 by the Small Business Administration for firing up with the association and driving it to a national work organize. Snagajob is a secretly held association and it has raised o ver $141 million from the speculators everywhere throughout the world. The conspicuous financial specialists incorporate Adams Street Partners, CB capital, August capital, Baird Venture accomplices, Rho Acceleration and so on. As of December 2016, Snagajob is utilizing around 380 individuals and has in excess of 75 million individuals enrolled on their site at more than 3 hundred thousand areas everywhere throughout the world (Snagajob Team, 2017). The mission of Snagajob is to placed individuals in right-fit positions with the goal that they can amplify their latent capacity and live all the more satisfying lives. What's more, their vision is to make a reality where anybody can get work or the workforce that they need, any place and at whatever point they need. As of now working from four distinct locales in Richmond, Washington DC, Charleston and Oakland, They have a solid workforce headed by Peter Harrison. The Chief Operating Officer is Jocelyn Mangan and the Finances tasks are going by Keith Haas. They have a varying demographic that comprises of hierarchical clients going from caf and café retail benefits, car industry, land, social insurance, producing plants to the executives counseling associations. Their center territory is coordinating the up-and-comers with bosses inside minutes by making quality associations. They can do this by sourcing, recruiting, preparing and planning the workforce for the correct working env ironments. Albeit situated in America, the association has both individual and hierarchical clients from everywhere throughout the world (Wiley, 2007). The Apple Inc. that was once in the past known as Apple Computers was consolidated on 3rdJanuary 1977. It is a structuring, assembling and promoting association for versatile specialized gadgets, media gadgets, PCs and convenient advanced music players (Team, 2012). The significant fragments of the association are isolated into America, Europe, China, Japan and Rest of Asia Pacific. Alongside the gadgets, the association Apple Inc. additionally sells a variety of programming, administrations, embellishments and outsider substance and applications. The results of the association incorporate the iPhone, iPad, Mac PCs, iPod, Apple watch and Apple TV. The association Apple was established by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in April 1976. They started their tasks to create and sell PCs. Apple Inc. is the universes biggest data innovation association as far as income and biggest innovation organization on the planet by all out resources. It is the second biggest cell phone produ cing association as far as the quantity of telephones makes following just Samsung and in the year 2014, Apple Inc. turned into the main US association to be esteemed at more than 7 hundred billion Dollars (Lazonick Tulum, 2013). Apple Inc. is utilizing more than 115,000 individuals working all day. Apple appreciates an amazingly high brand faithfulness and fame among all age gatherings and the whole way across the globe. Apples cell phone territory iPhone represents in excess of 60 percent of its all out deals. The tablet PCs iPad represent another 10 percent of their deals and the remainder of their items like iMac work area, iTunes store, iCloud, Apple watch and Apple TV represent the rest. Apple Inc. fabricates a portion of its items in Ireland and the US, yet the majority of the assembling is re-appropriated to FoxConn that is an assembling industry working in Asia. While the US represents 40% of deals of Apple Inc., the Europe and Greater China locale of the association each r ecord for a fourth of the business income. Apple Inc. has in excess of 500 Apple Retail Stores over the United States and 20 additional countries. Outside of the United States, China and Canada are the biggest retail location markets for the Apple Inc. They sell the items through their own retail locations and site. Notwithstanding that, backhanded deals stations are additionally used to sell the items like affiliates, outsider retailers, telecom organize bearers and so on. The immediate selling represents just about 25% of the aggregates deals and 75% of the item deals occur through their aberrant channels. The examination made The little and enormous organizations fluctuate regarding workforce, assets and methods of correspondence. All associations chip away at a similar standard of orchestrating individuals in a chain of command and run forms for completing the work in an association. The authoritative chain of command outlines may shift from one association to the next, however the wide working continues as before. We can't call attention to the distinctions and tell what one is better than the other, yet we can generally contemplate the elements and adjust the beneficial things from each to make the working and association in a firm significantly progressively proficient. Little associations like Snagajob that have a small amount of workers when contrasted with immense firms like Apple Inc. shifts in the activity capacities as well as the way of life and authoritative structure. Greater associations are commonly increasingly bureaucratic, when contrasted with medium and little firms. They have increasin gly expand decides and methods that are to be followed and the grid of a little association is commonly less difficult and simpler to explore. In a little association, individuals, in spite of the fact that have assigned errands to do, yet they get a presentation to a more extensive assortment of capacities and jobs. In a huge association, the principles are increasingly formal and very much characterized (Varttala, 2010). Likewise, the standards for a private venture are increasingly adaptable and less severe that for the most part prompts more work life balance for individuals working in little associations like Snagajob. Be that as it may, with development and inventiveness as its guiding principle, Apple Inc. is increasingly versatile of adaptable guidelines and gives its workers the advantages at standard with those got at a little affectionate authoritative structure. Greater organizations will in general offer its representatives a chance to sharpen their aptitudes and create specialization in explicit jobs and fields (Jaitapker, 2013). They have more chances and an extension for any longer relationship with the representative by giving chances to development and improvement with programs like occupation pivot, work advancement and so forth. The organizations influence the data innovation and its application in firms working in various ways. This relies upon their size and number of representatives working for them. The greater associations rely on the specific aptitudes of their individuals with the best of the parcel driving the diverse practical divisions, anyway the little and medium organizations for the most part don't have this preferred position. In any case, paying little mind to the quantity of representatives in the association, correspondence is the fundamental requirement for all. The directions and strategies should be conveyed to the association from the top to the lower level of the association and the input, enquiries and complaints of the workers should be imparted from the lower to the top degree of the association. This correspondence that happens in any business association is known as business correspondence. Without viable correspondence occurring in the organizations, it is difficult to complete t he work in a deliberate and arranged way (Sawayda, 2011). Correspondence likewise helps in keeping away from clashes, misconceptions and issues inside the association. A decent correspondence channel is must for a business to run easily and in a successful way. Great correspondence channel additionally makes designation of undertakings and duties successful, increment the profitability of the association keeps up concordance in th

This Is How to Spot a Lie on a Resume

This Is How to Spot a Lie on a Resume Lying on a resume is strongly unadvisable. And yet it is very common. You are not sure? Take a long look at your own CV.Okay maybe, you tried to be generally honest in your own bio. But how many exaggerations, half-truths and lies by omission can you count? Chances are it is more than 5.As counterintuitive as it is, recruiters are used to lies and can even be open minded to them if it is something they would consider insignificant. Just something sparing the ego of the job candidate.Interestingly enough, a recruiter may love catching a lie on a resume â€" it may give them more information what the candidate chooses to hide than what they choose to show â€" that is, if they catch it.REASONS PEOPLE LIE ON THEIR RESUMEGenerally, lying is a bad idea.First, it may render your entire interview pointless. Recruiters shortlist applicants for interview against strong criteria. If you don’t match it, you shouldn’t have been there in the first place.Second, it will establish a relationship of distrust. If you have lied about being able to speak Spanish, what else have you lied about? That is what the recruiter will think. They will be more suspicious of everything else you say, regardless of whether or not you have given them any other reason to doubt you.Third, it will immediately devalue your application. Once the recruiter is suspicious of your character, you can expect that will damage your reputation. You will not enjoy the same treatment as you would have, had you stayed honest.You may even expect a lower remuneration offer.So, why do people lie?To increase the chance of getting hiredOkay, so the issue is not entirely to blame on the job applicants. Most job offers are incredibly non-inclusive.A job offer or a job description should follow the logic ‘if you can do the job, we will hire you’. It must list the responsibilities, so that the future candidates for the position judge based on their abilities whether they can do the job or not.Instead, what we usua lly have instead of a job description is an applicant description. An applicant description follows the logic ‘if you can be that person, we will hire you’.’In order to apply, you must have an education in Accounting, a minimum of 2 years of experience, and a perfect fluency in Japanese’Applicants are trying to fit into molds that are very difficult to get into.And it often works. According to a 2014 study, quoted here by The Muse, ‘79% of interviewed business owners reported “they had hired employees with mismatched skill sets or who displayed underperformance on the job, despite the claims made on their resume.’To increase their chance of a higher remunerationAs unpleasant as it is, it is true.Your offered remuneration for a position could be fixed by a budget or it could be flexible. In case of a flexible budget the recruiter will offer you a salary based on the productivity they project you will have for your team.The recruiter will base their decision on your prov en history of success: the amount of employees you have led; the budget of the project you have managed; the amount of responsibilities you have had; the amount of time you have spent on that position; on whether or not you have education in the field.With so many factors, an exaggeration or two are usually allowed by the candidate. But those could be very dangerous, if you are caught in the lie.To avoid discussing a sensitive subjectIf a recruiter discovers an attempt to cover gaps in employment, it is more often than not because the candidate is uncomfortable discussing that period of their life. That may include:A mental problem. When overworking comes to bite you in the back and you burn out, you need a good break before you come back to the workforce, but you are worried that will be seen by your future employer as a weakness.A disease. When your health is not so good, it is not your favorite topic to discuss with recruiters. You will be seen as a potential flight risk, to no f ault of your own.Family time. When a mother or a father takes time to spend with the kids, the employer may question how much they prioritize their work to their family.THE MOST COMMON LIES ON A RESUMENow that we have established the many reasons why an applicant may lie in their CV, let us take a look at what lies are the most common and try to identify the profile â€" who would lie about that and why?‘Yes, I have graduated from…’Lying about education is the most common lie a recruiter will come across on a resume.Why?First, there is a lot of reasons to never graduate. Education is expensive. A lot of students try to juggle work and school and fail.Second, graduating college or university could be seen as a failure to manage a long term, expensive project.Third, and most important, failing school could be seen as lack of competence in your field.Younger people’s resume shows less work experience and therefore education would be relatively more important to recruiters. That is why younger people are more prone to lie about finishing their education when they haven’t.‘I am fluent in…’Two cases here and two reasons to lie:If knowing the language is a requirement, the candidate will often lie about their level of fluency in the language so that they pass the screening process. Then they will hope for the best for the interview, when they have a language check. Then you will get the excuses. ‘Yes, my Spanish is a little rusty, I have not used it in a long time…’ and then there come the promises. ‘I was actually planning to sign up for a refreshment course…’.More rarely you will get a candidate lying about being fluent in a language, when that language is not a requirement â€" just to come across as more well-rounded.‘Yes, I worked there…’An applicant will lie about their working history in the following cases:Case #1. They will lie about the amount of time they spent with an employer. More often than not it will be because things did not go well at the end. Perhaps the employee could not pass their trial period and was let go.Case #2. An applicant might have extended the final date of their working agreement if they were trying to cover up a gap. A long amount of time they could not find employment. They would not want to look desperate.Case #3. If it is their only relevant experience, they would want to inflate the amount of time they were employed in the field.‘My computer skills are impeccable…’More often than not lying about computer skills will come from ignorance. It is the Dunning-Kruger effect. ‘I don’t know what I don’t know, so I must be pretty smart!’When people are not particularly educated in a subject the chance is higher that they will overestimate their abilities more dramatically.Being able to check your email, to use a text editor and create a spreadsheet is not considered mad computer skills. When your experience with the Internet is limited to regular Google searches and pos ting selfies on social media, you are not an expert.It is usually middle-aged people who fall into this category.Learn more about the Dunning-Kruger effect by watching this video: ‘You could say I was almost the team lead…’Exaggerating the level of responsibility and contribution is another very common form of lying on your resume.That one is pretty harmless. Since it would have to be heavily supported by some acting work on the interview.The applicant would be trying to convince the interviewer of their importance in their previously held positions.It is very easy to catch, too. The applicant will continue saying ‘almost’. ‘You know I had so many responsibilities I was almost the team lead’, ‘I was also almost promoted’, ‘I was almost always the person to come and save the day’. ‘I was almost made responsible for the most important project in the company’.‘I was regularly employee of the month…’Lying about awards and accomplishments is common when an applicant has low confidence about the achievements in their CV.That is often the case with applicants whose work history is short not for lack of experience but for sticking with the same employer for too long.They are afraid of being seen as not ambitious enough. And they are worried their future employer may expect for them to be loyal without offering them progress or opportunities.‘I was generously compensated for my labor’Lying about your remuneration is perhaps the easiest lie to understand. If you are used to a particular standard your future employer will be more willing to offer you that higher salary.Moreover, your pay is often seen as an indication of your worth. It is easy to think the recruiter will consider you as a more valuable employee if you were better paid.Combine that with the fact that salaries are often a subject of privacy and are very hard to check even when you have a list of contacts for reference, and you have yourself the perfect storm.Obviously, a pplicants who feel were underpaid are most prone to lie about their remuneration.‘I am single. No, I don’t see myself as a parent any time soon.’Sad, but true. People who are planning to create a family for themselves soon will lie (often by omission) about their age, their marital status, and, when it comes to the interview, about their plans for the future.New mothers and fathers are unfortunately not protected very well by law from the employer when they want to spend time with their family.And even if they are, the employer will not always enjoy missing an employee for a prolonged amount of time, even if it was for a good reason.Women are more likely to lie about their plans for having kids.HOW TO SPOT A LIE ON A RESUMEBy now you must agree there could be many reasons for an applicant for a job to lie on their resume. Some are legitimate, some are toxic for the employer-employee relationship.Therefore, you must also agree it is still the job of the recruiter to verify the entire information about an applicant’s profile.They need to detect and deal with a lie, whether it is a harmless exaggeration or a significant deception.If a recruiter is serious about their research, there are easy techniques to verify if what they have been told matches the truth. This section of the article will tell you how lies on a resume come up most often.Skill evaluationAs easy as a piece of cake. Most lies come out during a simple skill evaluation on your first or second interview in person.You are fluent in Spanish, maybe you won’t mind verifying that via a short conversation. Or do you?You are a computer expert? Then perhaps you won’t mind answering several questions about this programing language that we use.The applicant will stumble and stutter and excuse themselves. They will say they feel very distracted today…To put it simply, the lie will come out and the interview will take a turn for the awkward. The applicant will feel embarrassed and the interviewer w ill know someone has lost their time.Social media researchA simple social media search will immediately speak about two qualities in an applicant. 70% of employers will use social media to snoop on candidates.First, the recruiter will immediately know how much they value their privacy. Most social networks will have protections against strangers stalking them. If they have not taken care to protect themselves their information will be publicly available.Second, the recruiter will notice how technically savvy the applicants are. The type of content they share, the type of images they post, they will speak of the character of the applicant.And a third, bonus point, depending on their social media habits and their level of privacy, hints may be available of the applicants’ working history and education here and there.Reference checkAt the end of the interview, the recruiter will ask the applicant about their reference list. It must be a list of between three and eight contacts that a re relevant to the candidate’s working history.The recruiter will use that to verify the amount of time the employee has spent with the company, their main responsibilities, the main qualities the company considered valuable with them. They will also try to verify their salary, but they will only be successful if the company has a transparency policy when it comes to remuneration.Even if it is a golden opportunity to catch a liar, reference check does not always take place. If the future employer is in a hurry to fill in the position, and if it is a job post with big employee turnover, they may not bother.NetworkingA reference check is not always needed. The higher the level of the position, the greatest the effort of the hiring manager will be to verify the character of their applicants.If the risk is too high, the hiring manager will call in favors from their friends in other companies to vouch for the person they are planning to hire.An innocent meeting to grab a coffee with th e wrong person can make or break your interview.Background checkIn some countries it is the practice for agencies to perform background check on job applicants.The investigators will perform a check on all facts from your resume that are publicly available and all that can easily be verified with an institution or an employer:Your graduation statusYour criminal recordYour medical recordYour or marital statusYour employment historyYour employment achievementsIf you lied about your education, your age, you having kids, or your reason to terminate your last labor agreement, you might be in trouble.Character assessmentA recruiter with years of experience will have developed a very strong intuition about when they are being lied to.Not only that, they will have knowledge in organizational psychology and will use various tools and techniques to assess your character, and particularly carefully, how honest you are being.They will ask you ‘trick questions’ to check if you are willing to step out of your comfort zone and talk about your flaws:What would you say is your greatest weakness?Can you tell me the greatest challenge you had during your last big project and how you overcame it?Can you list several shortcomings you felt you had when working with your last employer?How do you feel this interview is going for you?Pause too long, stutter before you talk, or say something too self-confident. Your bravado will immediately disappear and your recruiter will see right past your false self-esteem.WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A LIE IS DISCOVEREDOn the one hand, lying on resumes and on interviews is not the best way to go. They create an air of distrust during the interview, and, possibly, during the employment. In some cases, a lie on one resume may create future recruitment issues for you.On the other hand lying in one form or another is so common that recruiters and employers have become desensitized to it. They can be tolerant of one or two white lies here or there if the app licant seems to be overall a well-rounded person. And skilled enough to do the job.How do recruiters decide where to draw the line?How serious is the lie?In other words, the first thing the recruiter will consider is how far away from the truth the CV puts the applicant.An honest mistake to overestimate one’s skills is easy to look over. A good example is not being really good at a language that is not crucial to the position. A simple test will prove the level of fluency. The lie will not go too far. And maybe the candidate was honestly in the dark about how much their language skills have deteriorated.Lying by omission about education is also easy to go over. So you went through your courses but you never found time to write your thesis? That is not immediately obvious in your resume, but it could be overlooked.How brazen is the lie?Here are several examples where the hiring manager will cut you no slack. If you were:Coming up with a fantastic number about the salary you receive d with your previous employersAdding an education you never actually attendedAdding working history for employers you never worked forDramatically exaggerating your skills in a field that is crucial for the position you are applying forTo put it simply, the further your lies put you from being competent for the position and the more the hiring manager is convinced you are intentionally trying to mislead them, the less chance you have to get to job and the higher the chance for you to face some more significant consequences for your lies.Is the candidate a prospect?A brilliant looking resume, especially for a difficult position to close will raise the hopes of a hiring manager. When applications are rare each one is checked and considered with care. Good talent is rare to find.You do not want to submit a lying resume in such a situation. First, being one of several applicants, your lies will be more obvious. You will be discovered sooner or later.And second, you will betray the high hopes of your recruiters. Imagine they skipped on the chance to meet someone else because they were pursuing a meeting with you.You might be facing heavy consequences. If they were using a paid investigator for your background check, chances are high your name is entering a databased, labeled as a liar.CONCLUSIONA white lie or exaggeration here or there might easily be overlooked. But try not going too far.Have a very critical look at your resume today. How many of your claims can you cover by facts â€" diplomas, certificates, labor contracts?Are you really as good as you say you are in your listed skills? How marketable are those?Be critical. It is better to be honest with a more humble resume than to have a flashy CV and no job.

Pursuing The Social Work Field Of Education Essay

It took a long time and a lot of careful thinking to decide to pursue the Social Work field of education now. Although I attempted to pursue my Masters in Education 16 years ago, I discontinued that program due to the realization that I was not mature enough to keep balancing school demands along with my full time workload. Reflecting back, I was more pursuing my Masters for the purpose of pleasing my family considering I was the first female in my family to even graduate with a Bachelors here in the United States. Fast forward, 16 years later, I’ve concluded that furthering my education with a Masters in Social Work is the best match and fit to continue enhancing my career in social services. As a Mental Health Rehabilitation Specialist providing supported employment services, I support and guide my clients by taking steps toward their own career goals. I have found my purpose in life, which is to support transformation in others by connecting any type of community reso urce they may need in order to overcome their barriers toward their career choice. I have seen first hand how â€Å"work is therapy† and knowing that I supported and contributed to my client’s career plan, gives me the drive to keep enhancing my skills to impact my community even more. I am highly motivated to pursue a Masters in Social Work so I may have the access and ability to build and manage a team or organization that is just as passionate in supporting and guiding others. I’m also eager to provideShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychology And Psychology1630 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is a very broad field of study and requires a lot of research when choosing a career. The education that is required for pursuing a career in the field of psychology depends on the type of psychologist you want to be. Most psychology programs require at least a master s degree to pursue a psychologist career, but some may require a doctoral degree. It is important to kn ow the educational requirements as well as state requirements when entering the field of psychology. Southwestern hasRead MoreFemale Students Pursuing Science, Technology, Engineering, Or Mathematics Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesThe number of female students pursuing science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) majors in US colleges has been on the increase, even though male dominance persists, particularly in the upper levels of STEM careers. Male and female students at the elementary, middle, and high school levels leave school equally prepared to pursue STEM majors at the college and university levels. However, fewer females tend to pursue these majors. Female students are less likely to indicate intentionsRead MoreBecoming A Licensed Christian Counselor920 Words   |  4 PagesChristian counselor comes in. It is my dream and goal to ultimately become a Christian counselor specializing in at-risk teens and families. To become a licensed Christian counselor, one mu st start the journey by setting solid academic goals and pursuing the education required for such licensure. For me, these educational goals include Associate’s and Bachelor’s degrees in Psychology and a Master’s degree in Christian counseling. You may be asking yourself, why pursue an associate’s degree before goingRead MoreAnalysis Of Bidging The Gap Between Funds And Felicity1160 Words   |  5 Pagesstudents, especially those of younger generations, only seek careers that they have predetermined to be the most lucrative, neglecting the possibility of pursuing careers in fields that they genuinely enjoy. Such is the basis for the rising skilled labor shortage within the United States; more and more young people are pursuing higher education due to the belief that collegiate degrees are the only means with which success can be achieved. This erroneous belief is the reason why many young peopleRead MoreWhy Are There So Few Women Of The Math And Science Professions? Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesWhy are there so few women in the math and science professions? Sommers’ reviews the history of women’s involvement in science. In the nineteenth century, women’s accesses to education and opportunities for employment in science had greatly improved. (2009: 61) The systematic and differential filtration of women in STEM careers has received a great deal of attention from leading theorists and researchers who are trying to understand why women are not participating in STEM activities as comparedRead MoreUnderstanding The Workforce Outcomes Of Education1442 Words   |  6 Pagesinto obtaining one. By getting an education, people are able to acquire better jobs and make better decisions in life. In â€Å"Understanding the Workforce Outcomes of Education,† Christopher Mullin says, â€Å"It is well documented that attaining higher levels of education beyond high school benefits both the individual and society† (75). It is important for me to contribute not only to my own personal wealth, but also to the economic gr owth of society. My college education is valuable to me because it is theRead MoreStatement of Purpose to Pursue my Masters in Masters in Automotive from Windsor University of Ontario786 Words   |  3 Pagesconfidence becomes an ambition and that when followed with determination defines the purpose of existence in its entirety† 　　　　 It is with a sincere sense of gratitude towards the opportunity given to me, I pen down this statement. Education not only expands the horizons of ones knowledge but also simultaneously implants an insatiable desire to acquire more and more knowledge. Knowledge is that which can enhance the strength of mind and there by expand the intellect of man. It is thatRead MoreGraduation Speech : Starting School980 Words   |  4 PagesStarting school for me wasn’t easy because I didn’t have a plan. I did what every high school student was urged to do after high school and I enrolled in college to pursue a higher education. Enrolling in college gave me the idea and hope that the college would provide a greater advantage in life and career endeavors. Beginning school as a first generation student was an opportunity for me that wasn’t without its challenges and learning experiences. Lacking knowledge in navigating financial aid orRead MoreBe coming An Emergency Management For Nine Years1246 Words   |  5 PagesI have been working in Emergency Management for nine years. Like many others before me, I was not pursuing an emergency management career, I fell into it based on the skills I possessed and my interests. About six years into my career, I realized that although I was proficient in many of the specific functions I performed, I still lacked the bigger picture. I was not necessarily looking for a promotion or different career, but a broader understanding of how the various components fit into this complexRead MoreNew Mexico State University Is The Oldest And Largest Higher Education Institution Essay1028 Words   |  5 PagesNew Mexico State University New Mexico State University, which is referred to as either NMSU or New Mexico State, is the oldest and largest higher education institution in the state. This land-grant, research university was created in the late 1890s and is located in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The main campus is 900 acres and enroll over 15,000 students every year. There are satellite campuses in the cities of Grants, Carlsbad, Alamogordo and Dona Ana. There are also research centers in various locations

Foreign Fighters The Islamic State Of Iraq - 1551 Words

Foreign fighters have been a staple of the modern wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. An interesting aspect of these foreign fighters in these conflicts is the amount of Westerners taking part in the insurgencies. The latest chapter in the war in Iraq is the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, which has become notorious in recent months for its brutality and its military successes. A recent Wall Street Journal article reports that over 28,000 individuals from eighty six countries have come to Iraq and Syria to fight for the Islamic State . Who are these Westerners who forsake a life of relative comfort and freedom for the rigors and danger of jihad? There are certain indicators in behavior of those who join the ranks of foreign fighters. While by no means a profile in any sense, the indicators observed by foreign fighters studied in this paper will provide policy makers and law enforcement with an idea of who could be likely to join foreign fighters abroad. Western foreign fighters ar e a major security concern for Western governments as they return home . The training and indoctrination they receive abroad makes reintegration into Western society difficult if not impossible. While every individual is different, all foreign fighters have observable behaviors prior to joining Islamic extremist movements. Learning how Westerners become radicalized is crucial to depriving groups like Al Qaeda and ISIS with valuable manpower. In order to understand the people who would joinShow MoreRelatedInformative Essay : Islamic State Of Iraq And Levant1131 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Essay on Islamic State Introduction Islamic state of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) also rendered as Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), also known as the Arabic phrase Da’esh and self-described as Islamic State was formed in April 2003 but was established in 2006, growing out of al- Qaeda in Iraq. It has since been abjured by al- Qaeda. Isis has a treasury of 2 billion making it the richest terrorist organization also it has become one of the main jihadist groups fighting government forcesRead MoreWhat Is The Potential Of The Islamic State Attacks?767 Words   |  4 PagesWith the increase of Islamic State-affiliated attacks by radicalized â€Å"Lone Wolf† actors and dedicated Islamic State fighters, it is necessary to consider the potential for similar attacks in the United States. The November 2015, coordinated attack in Paris, France, and the January 2015, shooting in the Charlie Hebdo offices in Paris, demonstrated the Islamic States ability to coordinate complex attacks in physical locations however, the true measure of the Islamic States potential lies in its abilityRead MoreThe World s Biggest Terrorist Group1195 Words   |  5 Pagescreated in Iraq and is now slowly growing too many other countries in the world. This group is now one the biggest problems that the world faces today. Isis stands for Islamic state in Iraq and Syria. Members of Isis were first a part of al-Qaeda, then in 2013 became its own group. This paper will answer: How was Isis formed, and why is it the way it is today? â€Å"Under its former name Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Isis), it was formed in April 2013, growing out of al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). TheRead MoreIs The Threat Of International Security?1141 Words   |  5 Pagesvillages and cities. ISIS sees itself as the Islamic Caliphate and controls lots of land in western Iraq and eastern Syria. They also pledge allegiance from different radical Islamic groups around the world. ISIS started from U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. Saddam Hussein fighters were left without a job, and they were furious. Al Qaeda chose to capitalize on their anger and established al Qaeda in Iraq, to wage an insurgency against U.S. troops in Iraq (Saddam was secular, but his intelligence andRead MoreThe Management Of Islamic State Under The Caliphate Rules And Dogma1599 Words   |  7 Pageswith network of different objectives. The ISIL end state in â€Å"golden ring† is the establishment of Islamic State under the Caliphate rules and dogma. The key ob jectives are to be able to control and defense the territory, with possibility to influence, recruit and indoctrinate the young Muslim foreign fighters from the â€Å"golden ring†. In same time to marginalized the â€Å"silver ring† and challenge the security and stability in the region around Syria, Iraq and North Africa. Finally, to spread the fear andRead MoreThe Threat Of The Terror Group Isis1727 Words   |  7 PagesIn December of 2011, the United States withdrew all remaining combat troops from Iraq. After eight years of war, the United States turned the responsibility for the defense of Iraq over to the Iraqi security forces. Iraq immediately saw the rise of sectarian violence among Sunnis and Shia. This nation also saw the reemergence of the insurgency known as Al Qaeda in Iraq in the northwest portion of the country. The problems in Iraq grew with the igniting of a civil war in the neighboring nationRead MoreCultural Conflict Between Sunni And Shiite Fa ctions2143 Words   |  9 Pagesinclusive to cultural conflict in modern day Iraq between Sunni and Shiite Factions as well as the emerging threat of ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria). This analysis will show how ISIS is utilizing ongoing cultural strife between predominately Sunni (Western Iraq; Al-Anbar Province), Shiite (Eastern Iraq, and Kurdish (Northern Iraq; Mosul) to further destabilize certain regions and attempt to gain influence over segments of the population. Iraq s borders, which were originally defined by BritishRead MoreIsis Is A Terrorist Organization Made Up Of Shi1745 Words   |  7 Pagesan independent Islamic state in the Middle East. These terrorists go to any extent of violence in hopes of connecting the holy lands throughout Middle Eastern countries. Isis members are fighting for religious purposes hoping to secure land where the Muslim religion would dominate. Isis brings danger throughout the world with its political history, the military tactics it employs, and its attraction to foreign members. Isis originated as a group who fought against U.S. forces in Iraq, and later SyriaRead MoreIsis Essay884 Words   |  4 Pages The United States Policy in Responding to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). 1. Policy Decision and Objectives: On September 19, 2017 remarks by President Trump to the 72nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly- â€Å"We must deny terrorists safe haven, transit, funding, and any form of support for their vile and sinister ideology. The Senate armed service committee on June 13, 2017 made a deliberation on how to dismantle violent extremist organizations such as ISIS and other Al QaidaRead MoreIslamic State Of Iraq And The Levant Red Cell Analysis1685 Words   |  7 PagesIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant Red Cell Analysis The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has single handedly furthered the evolution of terrorism. This is a new type of terrorism that is not easily defined or visible. The Islamic States new form of terrorism has developed social unrest across the world and has undoubtedly inspired a new generation of extreme Islamic sympathizers to join the their cause and fight to accomplish their agenda of cultural cleansing. In order to repel the Islamic

The Public Libraries Free Essays

The public libraries are generally refers as the ‘people’s university’ and are considered as agents of social, political, educational, and cultural change in any society and provide a wide range of readership than any other type of library. As a rule they are usually established by law and supported with public fund. Public libraries are seen as essential to the individual as well as communities they serve in general. We will write a custom essay sample on The Public Libraries or any similar topic only for you Order Now Without any argument, public library has become a learning centre where people can take part in learning activities, discuss and share knowledge and information. The responsibility of the public library is to ensure access of information for â€Å"the community regardless of race, nationality, age, gender, religion, language, disability, economic, employment status and educational attainment† (IFLA/UNESCO, 2001, p.1). Therefore, public library is meant to serve its users at no cost at any point in time and to do this effectively, there should be â€Å"quality information in terms of relevance, currency and accuracy that would meet and satisfy user’s needs† (Ikenwe and Adegbilero-Iwari, 2014, p. 2). â€Å"The main function of public library in Nigeria is the provision of information contained in books, newspapers, magazines, journals, audio-visual, and electronic resources to users according to their needs† (n.d, p. 6). In addition to provision of wide range of resources both physical and electronic, public libraries provide a variety of services that includes â€Å"digital lending material, reader development advice, internet access and support, information and reference resources and guidance, learning and eLearning activities, literacy support, cultural promotion and community development† (Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government 2013, p.4). These services rendered are targeted towards satisfying users’ expectations, and information need requirement of all types in order to encourage continual visit to the library. Consequently, user satisfaction is usually given priority by librarian, because it is a concept that has to do with how good users’ feels after visiting and using the library and their likeness to return back to that library when next information is needed by them (Olayemi, Olayemi, and Abolarinwa, 2018). Due to the recognition of the usefulness of public libraries resources and services, it is widely used because of its known ability to meet user’s demands irrespective of their status. Unfortunately, public libraries in developed and developing countries are facing a period of declining in usage as a result of poor funding and wrong perception among its users (Hood and Henderson, 2005). It is regrettable, to note that in Nigeria of today, public libraries including local government and community-owned libraries are not usually well funded and manned by unqualified professionals (Onatola, 2004). Another writer from the country succinctly asserted that there are â€Å"inadequate funding, poor staff development, illiteracy rate of the citizens’ high, outdated and irrelevant collections of the public libraries and lack of recognition on the part of government to know the importance of libraries (n.d, p.6). Hence, many users’ have developed poor perception of public libraries. To better understand users’ view about the public library, it is necessary to study the utilization and user satisfaction of Herbert Macaulay public library, Lagos state, Nigeria. How to cite The Public Libraries, Papers

Los Tres Cochinitos Essay Example For Students

Los Tres Cochinitos Essay Una vez sobre una epoca habia tres pequenos cochinitos que salian en mundo grande construir sus casas. El primer pequeno cochinito tenia gusto de hacer ningun trabajo asi que hacia rapidamente se casa de paja y despues jugaba. El segundo cochinito no tenia gusto de trabajar tampoco que el construyia rapidamente su casa de palillos. No era una casa recio pero un trabajo era acabar. Estaba a ir el hermano que hacia una casa de ladrillos. El no importaba del trabajo duro. El sabia que un mal lobo grande vivia en las maderas y tenia gusto de comer pequenos cochinitos. Los otros dos cochinitos reia y jugaba. A fines de dia el lobo iba el casa de primer pequeno cochinito y hablaba, Pequeno cochinito, pequeno cochinito, me dejo adentro!El primer pequeno cochinito gritaba, No por el pelo en mi chinny-chin-chin!El lobo decia,Entonces yo arrebato y bocanada y soplo se casa bajo.El hacia y soplaba la casa de la paja abajo. El cochinito corria la casa de hermano. El lobo decia otra vez, Pequeno cochinito, pequeno cochinito, me dejo adentro!Los dos cochinitos decia, No por el pelo en mi chinny-chin-chin!El lobo decia,Entonces yo arrebato y bocanada y soplo se casa bajo.El lobo soplaba la casa de palillos abajo y dos cochinitos corria la casa de hermano. El lobo ira a tercer casa de ladrillos. El lobo decia, Pequeno cochinito, pequeno cochinito, me dejo adentro!Los tres cochinitos gritaban, No por el pelo en mi chinny-chin-chin!El lobo decia,Entonces yo arrebato y bocanada y soplo se casa bajo.El lobo no podria soplar abajo de la casa puesto que era hecha de ladrillos. El lobo era furioso y iba ababjo de la chimenea, pero era una caldera del agua hirvienda que soltaba respaldo la chimenea otra vez. El lobo nunca volvia. Los tres pequenos cochinitos nunca veia el lobo otra vez y vivia feliz siempre despues. Bibliography:none

Woman as Leaders an Example by

Woman as Leaders Considerable recent research has been conducted that defines women as leaders manage or lead in a different way from the manners men do. Proponents of the women do lead in a different way proposition hypothesize that women intrinsically own or develop certain characteristics of personality that deviate penetratingly from male leadership uniqueness. For instance, Flynn (1994) developed a supposition that women are professed stereotypically as working from individual vulnerability and oblique power bases, whereas men are found as using strong antagonistic sorts of power. Need essay sample on "Woman as Leaders" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Till near past the general view about business administration was an arrangement subjugated by males whose leadership style was action-oriented, hierarchical, and also quasi-military. The superlative leader was viewed as a sovereign, sturdy, characteristic hero. However at the present a new cohort of women is carrying to business a style frequently explained as more consensus-building, more open and comprehensive, more liable to support contribution by others, and even more considerate than that of several males. The women leaders hardly ever or never gave orders; opting instead to encourage their employees involvement in decision making. Women leaders give confidence to employees to perform together towards the ultimate aims. The finding, female leader as a participative, employee-involved, team-based leader is harmonious with the recent research theories on female authority bases; none of the women refer to her position in the association as a stage for pressurizing nor she uses coercive authority. The considerable recent research led to the growth of a heuristic form of women leadership. This model distinguishes a woman leader as one who favors to function from a reward authority foundation. Under this model female leaders possess an elevated degree of employee participation that characteristically results in a team-based administration approach. In addition, this woman has entrepreneurial visualization, which she is competent to converse efficiently to her team members; this in turn provides as an unexpected inspiring strength to accomplish the objective of the association. (Patricia, 2004) Finally, these female leaders promote mutual confidence and value between her and her team members. Hence I support the statement that considerable recent research has been conducted that defines women as leaders and contrasts the results of female and male leaders. References Flynn, L.P., Shore, L. (1994), "Gender and context: the moderating effect of work group gender composition and occupation sex-type on work attitudes and behaviors ", Proceedings of the Southern Management Association, Southern Management Association, Valdosta, GA, pp.489-91. Patricia S. Parker, (2004), Race, Gender, and Leadership: Re-Envisioning Organizational Leadership from the Perspectives of African American Women Executives, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.

The Prince and the Discourses on Livy Essays

The Prince and the Discourses on Livy Essays The Prince and the Discourses on Livy Paper The Prince and the Discourses on Livy Paper Essay Topic: The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli was at his time and continues to be now days one of the most influential and revolutionary authors known throughout the centuries. His writings, distinct from other renaissance authors of the epoch, make emphasis on his personal views and his opinions on the political matters taking place in Florence, Italy. Further discussed in the text are two of Machiavelli’s most renowned works, The Prince and the Discourses on Livy. Both books comprehend Machiavelli’s understandings of politics and explicit analysis on the various methods of governments with respect to principalities and republics. Machiavelli had many intentions in mind when he was first writing The Prince, among which where to understand, instruct and influence the minds of rulers at the time. More precisely, Machiavelli meant to influence the mind of one ruler in particular, the ruler of Florence Lorenzo de’ Medici to whom the book is dedicated. Machiavelli’s purpose throughout the book intended to help Lorenzo de’ Medici achieve eminence as a prince and guide him on how to properly rule Florence. The fist chapter of The Prince opens up by describing how many kinds of governments there are, in what manner they are given rise to and how they are later on acquired by states. Curiously, it is indeed, the first sentence of Chapter I which contains, what is perhaps, the most important discovery in Machiavelli’s entire writings from the Prince___ â€Å"ALL states and governments that have had, and have at present, dominion over men, have been and are either republics or principalities. Being introduced the topic on governments, Machiavelli proceeds to make an acquaintance on principalities and restrains himself to talk only about this one type of government___ â€Å"I Will not discuss here the subject of republics, having treated of them at length elsewhere, but will confine myself only to principalities. † Machiavelli argues that principalities can be either hereditary, new or mixed. Hereditary principalities are the kinds of principalities â€Å"where the governmen t has been for a long time in the family of the prince. The prince, in the line to succeed, is the natural heir to a perfect constitution on which to base his rule upon and for which people are accustomed. He explains that in order for the natural prince to continue with the good reign, is it merely enough that he accommodates himself to the order of things previously established by his predecessors and occasionally need to adapt institutions to the current events. Machiavelli argues that ereditary principalities are maintained with much less effort and difficulty than new or mixed principalities in reason that hereditary principalities, having made a fair beginning, have had the time to perfect its constitution and laws to assure security and bring content to all of those who live under its rule. Whereas in mixed and new principalities that rulers, having made a new start, may easily run out of time before having perfected its constitution and thus end up by destroying the state. In addition, Machiavelli argues that the natural prince was also liable of inheriting the affection of the people who had at other periods in time become familiar with he’s family. Thus, to the disadvantage of new coming ruler’s, the natural prince had on his behalf a natural disposition of the subjects in the hereditary state to love the ruling family. Finally, Machiavelli concludes his chapter on hereditary principalities by saying that â€Å"for each change and alteration always prepares the way and facilitates the next. In simple english, that in hereditary states the rule from prince to prince is facilitated by bringing on a change at different times giving people an opportunity to come familiarize at their own pace, while new or mixed principalities are obliged to enforce change in a flash. Machiavelli has overtime become a common adjective to immorality for he deeply believes that the main objective to politics is by all means to remain in power. Machiavelli thi nks of the virtue of the prince as the virtue of courage, strength and most importantly manhood. He argues that it if the natural prince possesses such extreme sagacity, he will always maintain himself in the state unless deprived by a superior force. Nonetheless, if the natural prince has reasons enough to irritate his subjects and causes himself to be hated, people will willingly trade him for another ruler in the hopes that the new ruler will be better than the present one. Machiavelli says that once the prince is replaced, the state is no longer to be considered a hereditary principality but be classified as a mixed principality. As Machiavelli had at first noted, new and mixed principalities are indeed much more difficult to maintain. For it is in new and mixed principalities that difficulties start to present themselves. Machiavelli states that mutations to form mixed principalities, in which men change their rulers gladly in the belief that they will better themselves by the change, arise from a natural difficulty. Unfortunately for the people, problems for Machiavelli do not stop here, for he argues that it is â€Å"an infinite number of other wrongs that follow in the train of new conquests. When the new prince takes over another prince’s domain, he finds himself in a delicate situation with regard to the people who put him in power and with those whom he injured by seizing that principality. He explains that the new prince has â€Å"for enemies all those whom he has injured by seizing that principality; and at the same time he cannot preserve as friends even those who have aided him in obtainin g possession, because he cannot satisfy their expectations, nor can he employ strong measures against them, being under obligations to them. Concluded then that, no matter how strong the new prince may be for he will always need the goodwill of the inhabitants if he wishes to enter into firm possession of the country. So far seen in the Prince, Machiavelli confined himself to talk only about one type of government, principalities. Yet, in the Discourses on Livy, he moves on to put forth what he had set aside in The Prince, republics. It is then, that he’s writings take a new direction leading the way to six forms of government not mentioned before. Whence, giving a whole new purpose to his second book which is to further explain and describe each type of government there are and particularly which will have the more benefits for any republic. It is important to note, beforehand, that the Discourses on Livy are considered to be Machiavelli’s concise commentaries on the history from the Foundation of Rome by Titus Livy. Hence, most of the discussions on governments in the Discourses on Livy will pertain to some extend the form of government in the Roman Republic. Reason for this is that Machiavelli thought of Rome as more than just the capital of the republic but rather pondered it as a source of inspiration and forth more his role model to a perfect government___ â€Å"Having proposed to myself to treat of the kind of government established at Rome, and of the events that led to its perfection. † At first, Machiavelli distinguishes three kinds of governments, the monarchical, the aristocratic, and the democratic. Nevertheless, after having read other authors, he makes account for six kinds of governments, three of which he classified as very bad, and the other three of which he classified as good. From Machiavelli’s conception that the three bad ones result from the degradation of the first three is the emergence of Machiavelli’s cycle of governments in which the monarchy becomes a tyranny, the aristocracy degenerates into oligarchy and finally the popular government or democracy lapses into licentiousness. Machiavelli argues that â€Å"chance has given birth to these different kinds of governments amongst men† for at the beginning of times there were no states nor governments but just free men and women wandering around. As the human race increased, the necessity for uniting themselves made itself felt. This necessity of which Machiavelli speaks is nothing more and nothing less than fear, fear for survival and desire for protection and self-defense. Thence, putting themselves into accordance, men agreed to choose the wisest and most just from amongst themselves and place him at their head with the promise to obey___monarchy. Sovereignty was to be hereditary and non-elective. Yet, short after, children began to naturally degenerate from their fathers giving up to extraordinary vices, libertinage, and violence. Consequently, the prince soon drew upon himself the general hatred of his people. It is then, that Machiavelli alleges that the prince as â€Å"An object of hatred, he naturally felt fear; fear in turn dictated to him precautions and wrongs, and thus tyranny quickly developed itself. † Growing discontent from the prince’s outrages and excesses caused armed masses of powerful leaders to oblige the prince to surrender the throne and further constituted by themselves the new government___aristocracy. The aristocratic rulers indisposed to remain content with the civil equality of fortune surrendered to cupidity and ambition. Once again, experienced the same fate as with the first tyrant, people resolved to place themselves at command___oligarchy. Short after, the generation of people that had at first established it passed on and the government ran again into that kind of license which inflicts injury upon the common public. Having overthrown the oligarchy a popular government was therefore resolved___democracy. Machiavelli concludes that these six types of governments are defective for the good are too short lived and no precautions can prevent either one from degenerating into its opposite kind. Because each individual in power consulted his own passions and thousands of acts of injustice were daily committed, the republic found itself in a position of constant disorders, conspiracies, and plots against its sovereigns. Fortunately, sagacious legislators, knowing the vices of each of these systems of government, decided to captivate something from them all and gave emergence to a type of government in which power was equally dispersed in three categories. The three categories where composed of the king, the nobles, and the people and each one had it’s correspondingly portion of authority and duties. Machiavelli argues that the republic depends solely on these three powers to maintain itself strong, stable and solid. For it is within this system that authority can be successively passed from the kings to the nobles and from nobles to the people. For a fact, he never got to provide a theory that justifies a form of government as the best form of government. However, we can induce from his writings that he thought of this type form as the most appropriate___ â€Å"organized the government of Sparta in such manner that, in giving to the king, the nobles, and the people each their portion of authority and duties, he created a government which maintained itself for over eight hundred years in the most perfect tranquility. Machiavelli reasoned that it is only when these three powers are combined under the same constitution that they are able to watch and keep each other in check. Consequently, with only one of the three elements of which we have spoken been omitted from it charges, the republic will most likely find itself vulnerable to disaster. Nonetheless, if the republic finds itself able to compe nsate for which ever element is missing, it will attain a perfect combination of powers and thus render the creation of the perfect constitution. Machiavelli was born during the times of Italy’s renaissance, during which Florence was at the scene of its most intense political conflicts. Conversely to other scholars at the time, Machiavelli did not obtain his knowledge through any particular education but through many years of experience. As testimony of the repeated rise and fall of various governments, Machiavelli was able to understand the dynamics of politics and power. He sought to describe political life as it really was, in order that politics should be regarded in the views on politics alone. Though Machiavelli wrote 500 years ago, his political world has much in common with the modern political world. Machiavelli was, indeed, far ahead of his time when he said that sharing power is absolutely necessary to the maintenance of the state and thus, governments should strive for the division of authority. In spite of its antiquity, Machiavelli’s first organization of the state is possibly today’s point of departure to many forms of government. In his analysis of the Roman republic, Machiavelli distinguishes three powers, the king, the nobles, and the people. Similarly, our government is also separated into the executive, the legislative, and the judicial power. Machiavelli’s insights on power, control and leadership are steeped in the realism of historical events thus, provide valuable guidance to the present leaders in the field of politics.

Entrepreneuship-creating a business opportunity(nutrition restaurant) Essay

Entrepreneuship-creating a business opportunity(nutrition restaurant) - Essay Example I have always had an interest in cooking and serving people. Thus a restaurant was the best idea. Because starting the company should also be in consideration. My finances are not enough at the moment and starting up a business would be a good source of income and has an added advantage. It is what I love doing thus no stress for me while undertaking this activity. The time for starting the company should be perfect so as to make maximum profit from it (Osnabrugge and Robinson 2000). Summertime is a perfect time to open the Chinese nutrition restaurant in London as many people are on holiday. A nutritional restaurant was the best choice as there is non-other on Middlesex Street, London (Hisrich 2011). Many people are trying to live a healthy life, and a Chinese Nutritional Restaurant would be the best choice of business. Prior to the start of any business, it is important to look at the macro market. The initials PESTEL helps a person decide how best to set up the business. The political, economic, and social environment determines the success of a company. The area should have a healthy political environment (Johnson 2005). The rate of transactions that go on in Middlesex Street makes it a perfect location to set up the business. It is an area that has many economic and social activities, thus guarantee customers (Shane 2000). The kind of business one chooses should have the latest technological advancement in them so as to serve the customers better. The business should also be legal and follow all the government’s requirements before going into it. A nutritional restaurant meets all the above specifications and would be a good idea. The street is perfect for the restaurant and would ensure profit for the owner of the restaurant (Stevenson and Jarillo 2007). Four critical factors determine the success of a business, these factors are customer, competition, company and confederations. One should identify the customers before putting up the business. A

Should abortion be allowed or not Research Paper

Should abortion be allowed or not - Research Paper Example Abortions are medical processes that actually improve the lives of the women who request for them; due to the brutal nature of this process, it is easy to understand that women who are not in desperate straits will not seek to procure an abortion. The reality is that, for a long time, women were seen as possessions of the men they were related to. The men had the right to do with their women as they wished; and this included denying them medical procedures for flippant reasons (Joachim 21). This standard still remains in many Middle Eastern nations. Refusing to legalize abortion basically amounts to preserving the outdated cultural practice of controlling the bodies of women on a massive scale. It is a fact that the majority of women who seek abortions are those with no financial security. Their partners, if involved in their lives in more ways than one, refuse to use birth control methods such as condoms but still demand sexual intimacy. The women may even be subjected to physical violence if they refuse to cooperate with their partners. For women in such circumstances, having an abortion is the only way they can prevent them from further sinking into poverty due to an extra mouth to feed. There are numerous cases that have been documented in media channels where expectant mothers died because hospitals either refused completely refused to terminate their pregnancies to save their lives or their spouses refused to give permission for the lives of their girlfriends and wives to be saved at the expense of the pregnancy (Flavin 18). The reality is that legalizing abortion is something that will consign such occurrences to the past; as the expectant mother is given the sole right to determine whether or not she wishes to keep the baby growing within her. Abortion, in many cases, actually saves the lives of the women who have it done in more ways than one. It saves them from having to contend with extreme financial

Purchase behaviour of Malaysians

Purchase behaviour of Malaysians The previous chapter has highlighted the objective and also the importance of this study.This chapter will cover previous literature of each topic area.Literature review are known as the secondary sources obtained from published work such as journals,books,masters thesis,articles,conference proceedings and other reports.It is vital in supporting the hypotheses that will be discussed the next chapter. The changes in Malaysia have been acknowledged by its admirers and critics alike. Two decades of uninterrupted economic growth and political stability have managed to guarantee nearly-full employment and a constant rise in living standards for the population (Noor, 1996). The rise of this consumerist culture would not have been possible had it not been for the loyal support of Malaysias youth, for it is they who are both the patrons and targets of this youth-oriented consumerism (Noor, 1996).T he study conducted by Singhapakdi, et., al. (1999) compared Malaysia and the US in terms of their perceptions of marketing situations, their attitudes toward business and salespeople, and their personal moral philosophies. The survey results reveal some significant differences between the consumers from these two countries. It indicated that Malaysia is more oriented towards cultural leanings than that of the United States. Self-image, product image and their combination, self-congruity, are im portant concepts in consumer behaviour. They have been hypothesised and found to affect significantly product choice and purchase intention. Questern, Karunaratna and Goh (2000) studied two samples (Australia and Malaysia) from contrasting cultural backgrounds are compared in relation to the importance of self-congruity with respect to four brands of two products categories of contrasting involvement levels. Unexpectedly, samples from Australia and Malaysia were found to use differently actual vs ideal self-image in their product evaluation. This confirms overall the role of self-congruence in consumers choice and points to the need for further investigation of this concept in a cross-cultural context.   2.2 Independent Variable 2.2.1 Purchasing Behavior Determining the definite reasons that influence consumers and their purchasing attitudes that directly linked to consumer decision making has become a significant focus of consumer research. Thus, a large number of studies have examined how individual consumers learn what to purchase (Keillor et al., 1996; Moschis and Churchill, 1978; Ward, 1974). According to Sproles and Kendall (1986, Pg. 268), a consumers decision making style is a mental orientation characterising a consumers approach to making choices. To conceptualize these styles a model which composed of eight mental orientations of consumers decision making behaviour was established by Sproles and Kendall (1986). The 8 characteristics are: Perfectionism/Quality conscious decision style that is concerned Shoppers with this decision making style will not settle with products grade as good with perfection. enough Brand conscious decision style that is concerned with getting luxurious, renowned brand. Consumers with this style believe that the higher the price of a goods, the better the quality. These consumers also aware of a brand as a distinct product separate from others as it is related to image and perception Novelty fashion conscious decision style for seeking out new things. The behaviour reflects a taste of innovative products and a motivation to keep up to date with new styles and fashion trends. Habitual and Brand Loyalty Decision style for shopping at the same stores and tendency to buy the same brands each time. Recreational shopping conscious decision style that view shopping as being enjoyable. Buyers with this trait enjoy the stimulation of looking for and choosing products. Price and value conscious decision style that is concerned with getting lower price. It also suggests that the consumer is conscious of sale prices and intends to get the best value for their money. Impulsive and careless tendencies decision style that describes a shopper who does not plan their shopping and appears unconcerned with how much he or she spends. Consumers with this style might regret their decision later. Confused by over choice decision style that reflects a lack of confidence and lack of ability to deal with the number of choices available. Consumers with this trait experience information overload. The eight features describe the most basic mental characteristics of a consumers decision making, which are directly associated to consumer purchase behaviour. Such knowledge is also essential in identifying segments of consumers sharing similar attitudes to shopping (Lyonksi et al., 1996). Besides the eight-factor consumer decision-making orientation model, work by Sproles (1985) and Sproles and Kendall (1986) developed the Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) which is used to evaluate consumer decision-making styles on the basis of a sample of United States (U.S.) teenagers. This method has been applied to different societies in eight different countries, including the U.S. (Sproles, 1985, Sproles and Kendall, 1986, Lysonski et al., 1996), New Zealand (Durvasula et al., 1993, Lysonski et al., 1996), United Kingdom(Mitchell and Bates, 1998), South Korea (Hafstorm et al., 1992), Greece, India (Lysonski et al., 1996), Germany (Walsh et al., 2001) and China (Fan and Xiao, 1998, Hui et al., 1 999, Hui et al., 2000). By using 210 university student samples in New Zealand, there were eight characteristics, same as Sproles (1986) findings, identified in Durvasulas (1993) research. However, in Lysonskis (1996) New Zealand study the factor of price and value consciousness was not found. The three consumer decision-making orientations; brand consciousness, novelty-fashion consciousness and habitual and brand loyalty are commonly found in two developed countries (USA and New Zealand) and two developing countries (Greece and India), identified by Lysonski (1996). The influences of the market environment, in particular the economic environment and market structure on consumer decision-making styles were suggested in the study. Walsh (2001) and Mitchell (1998) and had also applied the CSI in his study in the German and UK consumers respectively. Out of these eight styles, only six were identified in the study for Germans which are brand consciousness, perfectionism, recreational shopping conscious, confused by over choice, careless and impulsive and novelty-fashion consciousness. In addition to these, variety seeking was new style that found in Walshs (2001) Germany study. Besides to Sproless (1986) eight styles structure, Mitchell (1998) suggested that two others styles which are time-energy conserving and store loyal consumers were identified with UK consumers. The CSI has also been administered to the consumers of South Korea and China, in addition to the studies conducted in the western countries. However, varied results were shown in Fans (1998) and Huis (1999 2000) studies on Chinas consumers and only five styles were found in South Korea. Furthermore, as results of various researches relating to consumer behavior; an explanation of diverse purchasing behavior models is extended. The EKB model; a relatively clear, inclusive, and organized theory model concerning consumer behavior by three scholars, Engel, Kollat and Blackwell (EKB), was first presented in 1968. The model assumes that a consumers decision processing is a consecutive processing which leads to solving problems, and which features considering decision processing as the center of merging relations of relevant outside and inside elements. The EKB model has three advantages (Yang, 2001), which consist of: It is process oriented: The EKB model has rather relevant variables, which are collected with signs, are easier for researchers to confirm the relationship of variables, and also benefit hypothesis development and research result interpretation. Thoroughness/attention to detail: The EKB model contains rather complete variables, which are capable of explaining entire processing of consumer behavior. The dynamic feature: The EKB model combines many scholars and experts opinions towards consumer behavior and performs many revisions; therefore, is considered as a fairly thorough consumer behavior model. The EKB model contains four major parts, which include: information involvement; information processing; decision processing; and variables of decision processing. Consequently, based on the EKB concept; Engel et al. (1993) report that, the center concept of the model indicates consumer purchase decision processing, which is also problem-solving processing to consumer decision processing, consist of five stages. The five stages are: demand confirmation, search for information, and evaluation of alternatives, purchasing, and purchasing result. Basically, researches on consumer decision-making issues were mainly focused on the decision-making process. However, consumers may sometimes usually rely on simple approach, rather than going through a series of steps or processes rationally when they made purchase decisions, argues Bettman (1979). Consumer may simply emphasize or evaluate some typical dimensions or characteristics that are obvious and being conscious of (Sproles, 1985). In this regard, Sproles and Kendall (1986) pioneered to examine consumer decision-making processes by profiling consumers into diverse decision-making styles. In Wickliffes (1998) study, such styles have recently been found to be highly correlated with some product characteristics, for example; price, country of origin and brand. A consumer behavior model, Wheel of Consumer Analysis, was created by J. Paul Peter and Jerry C. Olson (1994) as a basis for explaining car buying behavior. According to the American Marketing Association, consumer behavior is defined as the dynamic interaction of affect and cognition, behavior, and environmental events by which human beings conduct the exchange aspects of their lives. (Olson Peter, 1994). Marketers can analyze am consumer behavior situation according to the three elements using the Wheel of Consumer Analysis the environment, behavior, and affect/cognition (see Figure 1). However, because these three factors interact and influence each other, no one factor can be isolated from the other. To understand consumer behavior, marketers must pay close attention to all three elements, each of which is discussed below Affect and Cognition Both affect and cognition are important for understanding consumer behavior, because affect and cognition refer to the internal and psychological reactions that consumers may have in response to objects in the external environment i.e., marketing stimuli, or to their own behavior. In other words, affect concerns feelings, while cognition involves thinking. Affective feelings can be positive and favorable, or negative and unfavorable. Whether positive or negative, they will affect the decisions of consumers. The Chinese consumer presents a good example of this. When Chinese consumers go to car dealers to purchase a car, their emphasis is on the services, including the attitude of sales people and option packages. An important factor for the Chinese is that dealers are sincere when conducting business rather than focusing solely on the price. Many international companies have experience when dealing with the Chinese and they understand that the Chinese like to negotiate, especially on price and service. Behavior The second important component is behavior or the overt acts of consumers. While affect and cognition are concerned with what customers feel and think, behavior deals with what customers actually do. Examples of consumer behavior include watching a TV commercial, visiting a store, or purchasing a product. Chinese consumers typically pay more attention to the informational content than entertainment features of the advertisements. One study found that Chinese customers considered themselves to be sophisticated and knowledgeable in their purchasing choices. (Shen Zhao, 1995) Environment The last component of consumer behavior concerns the environment. The environment refers to all the physical and social characteristics of the consumers external worlds on both a macro and a micro level. Marketers need to know which level of environmental analysis is relevant for the marketing problem and choose or design strategies appropriately. The macro environment includes general environmental factors such as, the climate, demographics, economic conditions, and political system. The micro-environment includes face-to-face social interactions among smaller groups of people such as families and reference groups. (Olson Peter, 1994) Both environments could include the objects, places, or other people who influence consumers affect/ recognition, and behavior. In the Chinese society, friends are good reference providers, particularly in the case of large, durable goods purchases.While the environment in which marketers operate is largely uncontrollable, marketers can influence cert ain aspects of the environment. Therefore, every marketing strategy needs to change or at least adapt to some aspect of the social and physical environments. While attempting to influence consumers affect/cognition and their behaviors, marketing strategies must often be altered to fit the social and physical environments such as, designing cars without ashtrays, reflecting shifting social patterns of reduced smoking 2.2 Literature of Variable 2.2.1 Price Prices range widely and an executive sedan may cost more than ten times the price of a small car (White,2004, 2006). Various studies have applied hedonic price modeling to show that price variation among new cars can be explained by differences in key product characteristics such as horsepower,engine capacity, speed, and safety features (e.g. Couton et al.,1996; Andersson, 2005; Reis and Santos Silva, 2006)Price is probably the most important consideration for the average consumer according to Cadogan and Foster (2000). Price plays an important role in affecting consumers decision towards purchasing a product.The effect of price has been studied extensively for many years. Consumers view price as an important element when purchasing and it has a large influence on consumers satisfaction judgments (Hermann, Xia, Monroe Huber, 2007). Price is an important factor of customer satisfaction since whenever consumers the value of an acquired product or service, they usually always think price (Zeithaml, 1998). Price is more likely used by consumers as a cue in forming product expectations when they are faced with performance or quality uncertainty (Urbany, 1997). Customers who view a firms pricing practices as unfair, are most likely to respond negatively. These include immediate attitudinal and affective responses such as dissatisfaction and lower purchase intentions (Oliver Swan, 1989). Consumers have the perception of high price giving high quality products and a number of academic works have shown that low prices are associated with low quality (Huang, 2004). According to the range theory, people use the range of remembered price experiences to set lower and upper bounds on price expectations, such that the attractiveness of a market price is a function of its position within this range (Janiszewski and Lichtenstein, 1999).Consumer have a strong belief in the price and value of their brands so much that they would compare and evaluate prices with alternative brands(Evans et al.,1996;Keller,2003). According to Helegeson and Beatty, (1985),consumers rely on various information cues or product attributes in their decisionmaking including price. The general consensus in research is that price is one of the most important reasons in purchasing decision factor. According to Bucklin et al. (1998), price significantly influences consumer choice and incidence of purchase. He emphasized that discount pricing makes households switch brands and buy products earlier than needed. Price is described as the quantity of payment or compensation for something. It indicates price as an exchange ratio between goods that pay for each other. Price also communicates to the market the companys intended value positioning of its product or brand. Price consciousness is defined as finding the best value, buying at sale prices or the lowest price choice (Sproles and Kendall, 1986). Additionally, consumers generally evaluated market price against an internal reference price, before they decide on the attractiveness of the retail price. 2.2.2 Brand According to Bhimrao M. Ghodeswar (2008), brand is defined as a distinguishing name or symbol such as logo, trademark, or package design that intended to identify the goods or services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods or services from those of competitors.Consumer brand-knowledge can be defined in terms of the personal meaning about a brand stored in consumer memory, that is, all descriptive and evaluative brand-related information(Keller 2003). A brand act as signals to the customer the source of the product, and protects both the customer and the producer from competitors who would attempt to provide products that appear to be identical (Aaker, 1991). Brands provide the basis upon which consumers can identify and bond with a product or service or a group of products or services (Weilbacher, 1995)Consumer decisions about brand choices follow a certain sequence (Bettman, 1979).A brand can be defined as the total accumulation of all his/her experiences, and is built at all points of contact with the customer from the customers point of view (Kapferer, 2004)The way consumers perceive brand is a key determinant of long-term business-consumer relationship (Fournier, 1998). Consumer attitude towards a brand is an extension of the psychological assessment of the brand in terms of favoritism and is about positive or negative predisposition held towards a product (Churchill Iacobucci, 2005).The way consumers perceive brand is a key determinant of long-term business-consumer relationship (Fournier, 1998).Consumers have been found to be more willing to pay extra for a symbolic brand or a brand with symbolic value (Wu Shing, 2006). Mithall (1989) establishes that when it comes to purchasing, customers care about brands, perception on brand differences, importance of brand choice and feeling concerned about brand decision. As consumers become more familiar with a brand, their knowledge structure about the brand changes so and their uncertainty about the brand decreases. Brands have been perceived as providing a greater security and a higher level of performance while eliminating alternatives by providing a better overall customization of perceived preference s (Jiang, 2004). Gardner Levy (2005) found that consumers were not just looking for product functionality, but also brand status or the symbolic meaning or property of the brand. Brand status depends largely on the consumers perception of the brands association with symbolism and prestige (Baht Reddy, 1998). The modern day consumer has also started to build emotional bonds with brands, becoming friends with them and are even said to be seduced to look like, eat like and be alike (Klein, 2000). Famous brand names can disseminate product benefits and lead to higher recall of advertised benefits than non-famous brand names (Keller, 2003). There are many unfamiliar brand names and alternatives available in the market place. Consumers may prefer to trust major famous brand names. These prestigious brand names and their images attract consumers to purchase the brand and bring about repeat purchasing behaviour and reduce price related switching behaviours (Cadogan and Foster, 2000). Furthermore, brand personality provides links to the brands emotional and self-expressive benefits for differentiation. This is important for brands which have only minor physical differences and are consumed in a social setting where the brand can create a visible image about the consumer itself. Consumers are usually able to evaluate each of International Journal of Economics and Management the products and brand name attributes (Keller, 2003). It is noteworthy that this information is essential for marketing managers to make informed decisions concerning product positioning, repositioning and differential advantages. According to Kohli and Thakor (1997), brand name is the creation of an image or the development of a brand identity and is an expensive and time consuming process. The development of a brand name is an essential part of the process since the name is the basis of a brands image. Brand name is important for the firm to attract customers to purchase the product and influence repeat purchasing behaviour. Consumers tend to perceive the products from an overall perspective, associating with the brand name all the attributes and satisfaction experienced by the purchase and use of the product. 2.2.3 Appearance Appearance is defined by HunterLab(2008) as a combination of its chromatic attributes(color) and geometric attributes(shape,texture,shinines,haze and translucency)and both types of these attributes should be measured and accounted for when making visual or instrumental assessments appearance.Appearance is the foremost and most impressive product message because when customers have a choice and all other factors are equal,they buy what looks best(HunterLab 2008).Also according to HunterLab,buyers will expect uniformity of appearance within any group of the same product and when customers see a difference between them on display,they will associated the difference with poor quality. Product design has been recognized as an opportunity for differential advantage in the market place and the appearance of a product influences consumer product choice in several ways(Marielle and Jan,2005).The appearance of the product influences consumer perception of aspects such as ease of operation, weight, and stability, which affect the perceived ease of use of a product(Marielle and Jan,2005). Consumers may use product appearance for categorization (Bloch, 1995; Veryzer, 1995). According toYamamoto and Lambert(1994) , even for industrial products, appearance has an influence on product preference. A products appearance communicates messages(Murdoch and Flurscheim, 1983), as it may look cheerful, boring, friendly, expensive, rude, or childish. Furthermore, the product or package appearance can reinforce the image of a brand, as the identity of a brand is expressed visually in the appearance of products (Schmitt and Simonson, 1997). The aesthetic value of a product pertains to the pleasure derived from seeing the product, without consideration of utility (Holbrook, 1980). Car manufacturers often try to keep different car models recognizable as belonging to the same brand. The distinctive radiator grill of BMW automobiles is an example of a recognizable design element. The linking of brand meaning to elements of the product appearance will be easier when the associations these elements engender by themselves because they are innate or are determined by culture correspond to the desired brand image.Color preferences differ between cultures and in time (Whitfieldand Wiltshire, 1983). Garber (1995) defined visual typicality as the look or appearance that most consumers would associatewith a product category, and by which they identify brands that belong to the category. For example, use of bright colors and a large size, which is associated with aggression (Murdoch and Flurscheim, 1983), will make it easier to position a car brand as aggressive. In addition, personal factors, such as design acumen, prior experience, and personality influence the design taste of consumers (Bloch, 1995) 2.2.4 Safety According to BBC Science article, moving cars have kinetic energy and energy cannot be created or destroyed.When the car brakes this energy will transfer to the surroundings and this happen during the car collisions.The safety feature were design to absorb this kind of energy at the same time avoiding serious injury.The typical features were seat belts, air bags and crumple zones.The modern safety features in new automobiles including Anti-lock braking system(ABS),traction control,safety cage,electric windows,cruise control,paddle shift controls and adjustable seats. In 2003,The Dohring Company which is the North Americas largest provider of custom market research has conducted a random survey of 7.995 American drivers intending to purchase a new vehicle in the near future.The result of this survey stated that 83% of the participants reported that vehicle safety would be an important or very important consideration when purchasing their next vehicle(The Dohring Company,2003).Based on the Safety Advisory Committe I(SARAC I 2001) reviewed on incidential consumer survey in Europe,United States and Australia,safety had become an important attribute when purchasing a new vehicle (Zeidler,Kullgren,Fildres,Morris ONeill,2001) . According to the research of SARAC II(2005),one of the main aims of the research was to determine how important the vehicle safety in new vehicle purchase process in Sweden and Spain.The research finding indicate that while vehicle safety has become increasingly important to new consumer ,it is not the primary consideration in the vehicles purchase decision.However when the participant were ask to rate and select the importance vehicles factors from the list,most participant select the vehicle safety as the most important factor. In similar case when the participant of this research were ask to select the vehicles features,most of the participant selected the safety related features for example air bag and advanced braking system.Overall,the participants from both countries were most likely select safety related factor and safety related features from the list of factors and features as their highest priorities in the new vehicles process.The Swedish new private vehicle consumer significantly more concern in vehicles safety features compare to the Spanish new private vehicles consumer. According to the Roy Morgan Research Centre (MUARC,1992) on the consumers willingness to pay for vehicle safety features,consumers who purchased more expensive vehicles tended to be more willing to pay for the safety packages and however the author noted that the willingness to pay was still quite high for consumers who purchased vehicles from the lowest price range.In the summary most private vehicle purchasers would willing to pay the best estimate retail price or more for both the airbag and non airbag package.The factor were influence by age,gender,parents,household income,size of car and cost of the vehicle. According to European Road Safety Observatory, the design of the vehicle are the most important and basic critirea to a safe traffic system that requires safe interaction between users, vehicles and the road environment. Vehicle design, which takes account of the behavioural and physical limitations of road users, can address a range of risk factors and help to reduce exposure to risk, crash involvement and crash injury severity.Up untill now, vehicle engineering for improved safety has usually been directed towards modifying and designing a vehicle in order to help the driver avoid a crash, or to protect the passenger inside the vehicle during a crash.Recently, attention in  Europe  has been given to crash protective design for those outside the vehicle Key system risk factors Human Vehicles and equipments Road Exposure traffic system use too early access to driving or riding a motor vehicle availability of high performance motor vehicles poor land-use planning, user mix Pre-crash crash occurrence speeding, impairment poor lighting, braking, handling, speed management poor road design or layout, absence of speed limits and pedestrian facilities Crash injury during the crash non-use of restraints or helmets poor crash protective design absence of forgiving roadside (e.g. crash barriers) Post-crash post crash injury poor access to care poor evacuation absence of rescue facility European Road Safety Observation on the vehicle design contribution Based on Broughton, J. et al. (2000) research on a review of the effectiveness of casualty reduction measures in the  United Kingdom  between 1980 and 1996.The Author found that the greatest contribution to casualty reduction was secondary safety or crash protection in vehicles. This accounted for around 15% of the reduction, compared with 11% for drink-drive measures and 6.5% for road safety engineering measures.