Analysis Of Special Education Classroom, Positive...

1. Give a field-based example of two of the following: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, or extinction. In special education classroom, positive reinforcement is applicable when students transit from activities through following instructions as provided and avoiding any form of distraction as well as maintaining a reasonable level of noise in whichever circumstance. Observation all these guarantee students a ticket. A minimum of 30 tickets a week guarantees them candy from their teacher. This is seen a motivation to the students hence they strive to receive the ticket. Another positive punishment observed on with 5th-grade general education class where a rude student is made to write an apology; the letter must†¦show more content†¦Notably, whenever she exhibits inappropriate behavior, his class laugh at her but she starts to smile. Nearing the end of the video, when another student is answering a question, Kira turns around to see if people are laughing at her. 4. Nigel s problem behavior includes cursing, making derogatory comments toward other students, yelling, spitting, and shoving chairs. Discuss the type of a measurement system you would use to collect data on Nigel s problem behaviors and explain your answer. To understand Nigel’s behavioral challenges, it is imperative to collect information about his behavior before the interview (Crone and Horner, 2013). Information and questions to be asked during the interviews must be those who seek to understand the cause, consequences associated with the behavior, frequency of the problems, timing and the some of the intervention strategies that have been explored. It is with the hope that Nigel opens up to during the interview to provide much information that may help find a solution to the challenges faced and further understanding the problem. The behavioral challenge can be a problem emanating from the school circles or home. If for unknown reason Nigel is not able to provide much information, direct observation will be ideal. ABC analysis becomes appropriate preliminary means of data collection as opposed to baseline study given that the intention will not be to identify theShow MoreRelatedDefinition And Features Of The Learning Theories1332 Words   |  6 Pageschallenges and restrictions of both theories will be considered. Examining the distinctive aspects of the theories, this paper will conclude whether one theory or the blend of both theories is best when addressing the intricacies of an individual’s education. This paper will critically examine the two major learning theories; constructivism and behaviourism. These are theories that have been contributed to by many theorists across several hundred years. 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Essay Topics about Sports Tips & Guide

Essay Topics about Sports Tips & Guide Sports research paper topics cover a wide selection of fields. Introduction Sports are termed as any bodily or mental activity that is mostly done during leisure time and includes a high degree of entertainment involving an awareness of competition. You've already done a good deal of reading and lots of writing in your life. Don't neglect to bring a strong hook at the beginning (introduction paragraph) and wind up with an impressive conclusion to create the reader want to talk about the interesting persuasive essay topics of your selection. Make certain you make a comprehensive interpretation of each process in the most fascinating way so to capture the interest of your reader. When you have picked the topic through our guide, we'll also provide you with article writing samples and templates which will also steer you through the writing. There's no limit to what you are able to write about sport, and there are many perspectives that you might be requested to employ. When you want any assistance about the sports argumentative essay topics, there is just 1 stop shop that will provide everything that you require. Anyway, direct and indirect quotes are essential to support your understanding of academic writing style. There are lots of things that make us different from the other entire sites which claim to offer you the form of services we offer. How to manage those who think that sports are only wastage of time. As an example, success in boxing and football mean various things. Protecting youth sports, so that they're readily available, is the very best thing for our kids and is the best method to ensure that we're empowering future generations with important life abilities. There are many facets of the topic that could use attention. You could be requested to approach a sports essay from an assortment of perspectives. The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a very clear understanding of what things to write about. The introduction should offer general information which will be included in the short article. Sporting activities are extremely popular for many people and nations around the world. Doping in professional sport is now a multi-billion dollar market. Sports may also be dangerous. Recreational sports ought to be made must in offices to relieve extra stress. Sports and superior education both together develop into the best way to attain success in the life span of a kid. Whenever there is significant money involved with sport, corruption is likely to happen. The problem of athletic fitness needs to be dealt which much more strictness. The function of coaching in sports. Why the game of basketball is vital for everybody to play. How playing the game of basketball for a professional can provide you a bright future on a worldwide scale. Sports and games both are extremely important and straightforward means to better physical and mental fitness. Sports or games that can be played within a room, hall or a more compact area are referred to as Indoor Sports. Facts, Fiction and Essay Topics about Sports You could also incorporate information regarding local shops that sell and get cards. There are lots of formats of write up and you have to understand the fundamental differences about them so you can write whatever you were requested to write. Cell phones should not be used while driving. Sport is the ideal stress buster. Whether you may play sport isn't an important ingredient for an unbiased essay.

Competitive Strategy Marketing Capabilities

Question: Discuss about theCompetitive Strategyfor Marketing Capabilities. Answer: Introduction Competitive strategy refers the long-term plan of the organisations, which will be helpful to achieve the competitive advantage over the competitors within the same industry. With the help of this competitive strategy, an organization will be able to hold a defensive position within the organisation as well as can generate a greater return on investment. There are three major components of competitive strategy such as adaptation, aggregation and arbitrage. According to Jayawardhana and Weerawardena (2014), it can be mentioned that adaptation is an organisational behavioural traits, which has reflected the core competence of the organisation. With the help of adaptation strategy, an organisation can increase their revenue earning as well as their market share. On the other hand, an aggregation strategy is benefitted to achieve the economies of scale by increasing the efficiency of the business. Lastly, arbitrage is helpful to exploit economic differences in the market. It is known that Ghemawat AAA framework consists three generic approaches to create the global value. In this context, this study has made a comparison between the pharmaceutical industry and tourism industry of Australia. Moreover, the pharmaceutical organisations are such as Abbott Australasia Pty Ltd and Alcon laboratories Pty Ltd whereas the food and beverage organisations are such as Intrepid Travel and Tourism Travel. Discussion According to Morgan and Strong (2015), Ghemawat emphasises that organisations can increase their performance based on these three dimensions. As a result, the companies will be able to make strategic choices. In the following this study has discussed how the above mentioned organisations used these three AAA frameworks. Figure 1: AAA framework (Source: Acquaah, Amoako-Gyampah and Jayaram 2016) Pharmaceutical industry of Australia: Abbott Australia Pty Ltd: Adaptation Strategy: As per the statement of Block et al. (2015), an organisation tries to adapt new technique or strategy, which can increase the revenue of the company. It is known that Abbott Pty Ltd has the specialisation in the operation of Abbott informatics, Abbott diabetes care, Abbott vascular. Now, in order to improve the revenue earning, Abbott Pty Ltd has adapted new and innovative technique, so that the company has provides the treatment of asthma. As a result, the organisation has purchased new medicines and required machines. Shimamoto (2016) mentioned that as the level of pollution has been increasing within the country, therefore, most of the people of this country have been suffering from asthma or lungs diseases. Hence, this new adaptation by this company has increased the profitability of the organisation. Aggregation Strategy: In the words of Mahfud et al. (2016), aggregation aimed to create the economies of scale of the organisation. The objective of the organisation is to expand their business into global market from the local market. Mr. Ghemawat stated that by expanding the business or with the concept of business aggregation, an organisation could exchange the approaches of the operations. In this context, Abbott Australia Pty Ltd has expanded its business in India. As a result, this pharmaceutical company of Australia has come to know the treatment process of this country. They can also apply this technique in Australia. Arbitrage Strategy: In order to increase the profitability statement, Abbott Australia Pty Ltd has focused to exploit differences among the regions. This organisation used to purchase the useful tools and medicines from the domestic market and then sale these products in the global market (Mitra 2016). With the help of CAGE model, it can be mentioned that the organisation has determined the price based on the countrys economy and on the standard of living of the people. Alcon Laboratories Pty Ltd: Adaptation Strategy: In the opinion of Wu (2015), adaptation strategy of Alcon Laboratories Pty Ltd has aimed to the cost of labour and capital. It is noted that the cost of labour of this organisation is comparatively lower. On the other hand, the workers associated with this organisation, received another advantages. If the employees or their family member suffers from any diseases, they would be able to get free treatment in this organisation. Therefore, Songbo et al. (2015) stated that these workers received remuneration in terms of kind rather than in terms of cash. Hence, it can be inferred that the revenue earning of Alcon has increased by adapting this innovative technique. Aggregation Strategy: In the words of Acquaah and Agyapong (2015), it can be mentioned that Alcon laboratories has followed semi globalisation technique, which will be benefitted from the from investment and also from the communication pattern of trade. On the other hand, this organisation has aimed to the cultural aggregation. In this context, Alcon laboratories seek to market new drugs in the market of EU. As a result, it can be inferred that the increment in the corporate branding of this company over the global product branding is a powerful aggregation strategy of Alcon laboratories. Arbitrage Strategy: Alcon laboratories Pty Ltd has focused to the cultural arbitrage. In the points of Santos et al. (2017), this pharmaceutical organisation tried to move their machineries, which are required to transfer the elements from one culture to the other culture. It is known that Australia is a multi cultural nation. With the help of the concept of cultural arbitraging, the techniques and organisational approaches of Alcon would be transferred. As a result, it can be mentioned that the organisation would get the competitive advantage in this case. Tourism Industry of Australia: Intrepid Travel: Adaptation Strategy: In order to increase the revenue earning by the organisation, this company has followed variation strategies. With the help of this strategy, the company has tried to adapt new policies. They have adapted fair price policy in their business. In this context, it can be mentioned that this tourism organisation does not discriminate the consumers based on their standard of living. They treat their clients equally. Therefore, no one feel deprived and the organisation charge affordable prices of the package of the tour. In this essence, Agyapong, Ellis and Domeher (2016) inferred that variation strategy such as the adaptation strategy is helpful to increase the revenue of the business. Aggregation Strategy: It is known that with the help of this strategy an organisation can increase the economies of scale. In case of expanding their business in the market of EU, the organisation has focused to consider the taste and preferences of the consumers. However, Gould and Power (2015) stated that before expand the business, the organisation needs to take the permission of the government of that country. In addition, it can be stated that Intrepid travel agency has the specialisation in the taste and quality of the foods. Therefore, this organisation has made collaboration with the Golden chippy restaurant of EU. This is a renowned restaurant of this country. In case of organising local tours within EU, Intrepid provides the food of this restaurant to the consumers as the foods of this restaurant is highly acceptable by the consumers. Therefore, the business in the global market would be successfully expanded. Arbitrage Strategy: As per the statement of Rashidirad, Soltani and Syed (2013), this organization has followed economic arbitrage strategy in their business. In this context, the organisation has recruited employees from the local market of EU. As a result, the unemployment rate of the country has reduced. The cost of these labours in the domestic is comparatively lower than hiring labours from the outside of the country. They charge higher salary as their remuneration. Therefore, the cost structure would be effectively reduced. Tourism Travel: Adaptation Srategy: Tourism travel agency of Australia has provided medicines to their clients during long tours. It can be observed that in case of long duration holiday trip, sometimes the visitors suffer from several diseases. Therefore, the management of this travelling agency has also provided the tourists free heath check up every after 5 days. In addition, the required medicines are also provided in free of cost to the service takers. As a result, Jayawardhana and Weerawardena (2014) opined that the satisfaction level of the tourists has been increased. They will like to travel with this travel agency further. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the performance of the organisation will also increase in the future. Aggregation Strategy: It is known that to survive in the competitive market of tourism, each of the organisations require to follow creative and innovative technique in order to achieve their own competitive advantage. In this respect, Morgan and Strong (2015) mentioned that tourism travel has the sustainable competitive advantage. In addition, the business strategy of this organisation is unique, which is only evaluated by a specific group of consumers and buyers. On the other hand, it can be added that during conducting the tours, the management of the organisation has allowed the visitors higher level of comfort. This has improved the sales of services of tourism travel. As a result, the positioning of the organisation would be improved. Arbitrage Strategy: According to Shimamoto (2016), this travel agency of Australia has followed administrative arbitrage. Ghemawat showed that this action was initially followed by Rupert Murdochs News organisation in the year of 1990. With the help of this strategy, tourism travel would be able to reduce the interest payments on the debts. This would in turn help to the finance section of the company. The finance section can deal against the profitability statement of the company. With this definite action, tourism travel would be capable to lowering down the tax liabilities at the rate of 10 per cent (Wu 2015). Therefore, in a synopsis, it can be mentioned that arbitrager strategy is helpful to highlight the disparity between the organisations within the regional or domestic market. This will in turn improve the corporate bargaining capacity with the suppliers. In addition, the supply chain of the organisation has decreased. Conclusion The major concern of this study is to describe the how an organisation would globalise with the help of AAA framework. In order to globalise in the foreign market, the organisations require to adapt different strategies. They also require to follow business innovations and variations to expand a business successfully. With the help of the adaptation strategy, an organisation can increase the revenue earnings. As a result, the market share of the organisation will also be improved. On the other hand, aggregation strategy is benefitted to increase the economies of scale of an organisation. Lastly, arbitrage strategy helps an organisation to create the global valuation by increasing the profitability of the differences of several supply chain of different parts of the regions. References Acquaah, M. and Agyapong, A., 2015. The relationship between competitive strategy and firm performance in micro and small businesses in Ghana: The moderating role of managerial and marketing capabilities.Africa Journal of Management,1(2), pp.172-193. Acquaah, M., Amoako-Gyampah, K. and Jayaram, J., 2016. human resource Management and Market Orientation Strategies in Family and Non-family Firms in Ghana: how Do they relate to Competitive Strategy and Firm performance?. InFamily Businesses in Sub-Saharan Africa(pp. 123-153). Palgrave Macmillan US. Agyapong, A., Ellis, F. and Domeher, D., 2016. Competitive strategy and performance of family businesses: moderating effect of managerial and innovative capabilities.Journal of Small Business Entrepreneurship,28(6), pp.449-477. Block, J.H., Kohn, K., Miller, D. and Ullrich, K., 2015. Necessity entrepreneurship and competitive strategy.Small Business Economics,44(1), pp.37-54. Gould, A.M. and Power, T.M., 2015. Leaving the cocoon: university course design and delivery vis-a-vis competitive strategy.On the Horizon,23(1), pp.58-68. Jayawardhana, K. and Weerawardena, J., 2014. Conceptualizing the Role of Market Learning in Social Innovation-Based Competitive Strategy. Mahfud, M.H., Rizali, N., Antriyandarti, E. and Ani, S.W., 2016. Competitive Strategy of Tie-Dyed Cloth Smes in Facing the Existence of Batik Cloth in Yogyakarta City.Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management,7(1), pp.1020-1030. Mitra, S., 2016. Models to explore remanufacturing as a competitive strategy under duopoly.Omega,59, pp.215-227. Morgan, R.E. and Strong, C.A., 2015. Competitive Strategy and Market Orientation: The Relationship and its Implications. InProceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 232-232). Springer International Publishing. Rashidirad, M., Soltani, E. and Syed, J., 2013. Strategic alignment between competitive strategy and dynamic capability: Conceptual framework and hypothesis development.Strategic Change,22(3?4), pp.213-224. Santos, R.R.D., Santos, R.R.D., Melo, F.J.C.D.M., Melo, F.J.C.D.M., Claudino, C.N.D.Q., Claudino, C.N.D.Q., Medeiros, D.D.D. and Medeiros, D.D.D., 2017. Model for formulating competitive strategy: the supplementary health sector case.Benchmarking: An International Journal,24(1), pp.219-243. Shimamoto, K., 2016. Firms Competitive Strategy of Environmental Goods in a Competitive Oligopoly.Hirao School of Management review,6, pp.66-76. Songbo, C., Lu, J., Xiang, W., Anderson, D.E. and Zhang, S., 2015, July. The dynamic competitive strategy study of duopoly enterprises in the Low-carbon Emission policy regulation. InLogistics, Informatics and Service Sciences (LISS), 2015 International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Walker, G. and Madsen, T.L., 2016.Modern competitive strategy. McGraw-Hill Education. Wu, T.A.L.I., 2015. Competitive Strategy Analysis on Unified Communications Market in Mainland China.

The ultimate guide to getting organised

The ultimate guide to getting organised Getting a degree is hard work. There are no two ways to say it. The trick to success is all about organising your workload and staying ahead of the game. But you've never had to organise work at this level before have you? Don't worry. We have put together the ultimate guide to staying organised while you work towards a degree. Your desk The desk in your room, whether it's halls or a shared house, is going to be the hub of your working life. If it's cluttered with files, fag ends, and empty beer cans, it won't induce a working attitude. We recommend that you keep your desk as clean as possible, but we understand that some people have method to their madness and work in organised chaos. There are a few desk essentials to help keep you organised: Keep a whiteboard above your monitor to keep track of deadlines, work that's been complete, and ongoing projects to glance at on the fly. Store snacks like fruit and nuts on the desk for when you're working long stints on projects. There's nothing worse than trying to work on an empty stomach. Buy a nice lamp for the desk. You will be working at 1 AM and you'll want some decent lighting to read you textbooks in. A new chair. Halls will provide you with a chair for your desk, but it won't be a comfortable one. Remember, you'll be spending long hours studying in that chair, so make sure you purchase a comfortable one. Hang a clock next to your whiteboard. It's good to monitor how long a certain piece of work has taken you. Plus, you'll want to check the time and you shouldn't have your smartphone to hand. It'll only act as a distraction. Don't multi-task It might be tempting to try and juggle all of your university projects at once. We recommend against this. Most professionals agree that multi tasking actually has a negative impact on your work. It's best to block your time and work on one project in its entirety. Finish it. And then move on to the next. This also ensures that the work you're completing for one project has your undivided attention, guaranteeing a higher standard. Buy a planner There's a lot to remember when it comes to university. From lecture times to tutor names and emails – it's all easily forgotten. Purchase a planner and map out each week. Keep note of deadlines in your planner too, checking it every day. They're a great way to stay on top of your deadlines! Don't want to carry a physical planner round? Use your smartphone or tablet's calendar. Take breaks Like we said, your workload is going to get on top of you at some point. When it feels like it's becoming too much, take a day off. These breaks are vital when it comes to staying fuelled and motivated to do the work you have. Take breaks when working over longer projects too. If you sit at your desk for eight hours straight you're going to become stressed and rush through tasks. Go out for a run, nip to the pub with friends, watch a film - just get away from work for a while. It can make a huge difference. Download helpful tools Organising your university life doesn't have to be difficult. There are an incredible amount of tools available to help you stay on top of your work. Some are bad, some good – you need to find which ones are a best fit for the way you work. Some good ones include: Evernote: This is a free app that can be downloaded to your phone, desktop, and used on the web. It's essentially a virtual notebook, allowing you to store research articles, pictures, news pieces and anything else you think you might want to hand. Evernote shines in the organising of this information, allowing you to tag each item so that you can find it almost immediately. Noisli: Halls are often loud. Don't let your drunk flatmate put you off your flow. Plug in your headphones and put Noisli on. It offers a range of ambient sounds that you can mix and match. It has a timer too, so you can keep track of how long that research article has taken you. Super Notes: This is just one example of a voice recorder that you can download for your phone. You pick whichever one you prefer. Why do you need a voice recorder on your phone? So you don't have to frantically write down everything your lecturer is saying! Google Keep: This is a great app for writing down notes on the fly. Think of some wonderful topic for your dissertation? Come up with a great research topic? You can have it written down and saved in a matter of seconds with Keep. Know that we're not all the same Remember that these are tips for staying organised at university. Most people have their own methods and routines that work for them. Use your first semester to experiment how you're going to keep on top of your workload, trying the things we've listed above. Also remember that your university will help offer advice when it comes to staying organised with work and even your money! Good luck!

Field Trip Tips for Safe, Fun Learning Success

Field Trip Tips for Safe, Fun Learning Success New teachers might naively think that field trips are easier and more fun than a typical day in the classroom. But throw in crises like a lost group of children or wasp stings, and field trips can go from fun to frantic in no time. But if you adjust your expectations you can come up with a new, more practical way to approach field trips and minimize the chances of drama and mayhem. Tips for a Successful Field Trip Follow these field trip tips and youll likely create fun learning adventures for your students: Explicitly discuss field trip behavior rules with your students beforehand. Teach, model, and review appropriate field trip behavior with your students for at least a week before the big event. Drill into their heads that field trips are not the time or place to mess around and that any aberrant behavior will result in non-participation in any future field trips that school year. Sound serious and back it up with consequences as needed. Its good to have your students scared of testing the boundaries on field trips. Emphasize that they are representing our schools reputation when they are off-campus and that we want to present our best behavior to the outside world. Make it a point of pride and reward them afterward for a job well done.Give your students a learning task ahead of time. Your students should show up for the field trip with a base of knowledge on the subject at hand, as well as questions to answer before returning to the classroom. Spend some time in the weeks before the field trip discussing the subject matter. Review a list of questions they will be looking to answer during the field trip. This will keep them informed, engaged, and focused on learning all day long. Choose parent chaperones wisely. Field trips require as many adult eyes and ears as you can get, but unfortunately, you cant be everywhere at once. From the first day of school, observe the parents of your students closely, looking for signs of responsibility, firmness, and maturity. A lax or careless parent can be your worst nightmare on a field trip, so choose your parental allies wisely. That way, youll reap the benefits of having adult partners in the field trip process.Make sure you have all the necessary medications. Talk to the school nurse and procure any and all medications that your students usually take during the day. While on the field trip, make sure you administer the medications accordingly. If you have students will allergies, you may need to get trained on how to use an EpiPen. If so, the student involved will need to stay with you at all times.Arrive at school early on field trip day. The students will be excited and antsy, ready to go. Youll want to greet the chap erones and give them instructions for the day. It takes some time to organize the sack lunches and ensure that everyone has what they need for the day. And one last pep talk on appropriate behavior never hurt anybody. Give your chaperones the tools they need to succeed. Make nametags for all chaperones and students. Create a cheat sheet of the days itinerary, special rules, your cell phone number, and the names of all kids in each chaperones group; distribute these sheets to each adult on the field trip. Procure and label grocery bags that each chaperone can use to carry the groups sack lunches. Consider getting a little thank-you gift for each chaperone, or treat them to lunch that day.Be proactive with regards to challenging students. If you have a student who causes trouble regularly in the classroom, its safe to assume he or she will cause at least five times more trouble in public. If possible, ask his or her parent to be a chaperone. That will usually limit any potential problems. Also, when you are making groups, split any problem pairs into separate groups. This is a good policy for troublemakers, chatty kids, or bickering frenemies. And its probably best to keep the most challenging stude nts in your own group, rather than pawning them off on an unsuspecting parent chaperone. Count all day. As the teacher, you will likely spend most of your day counting heads and making sure everyone is accounted for. Obviously, the worst thing that can occur on a field trip is losing a student. So count accurately and often. Enlist the help of chaperones in this task, but do it yourself too, for your own peace of mind. Keeping track of each and every student is the number one priority of field trip day.Do a debriefing when you return to the classroom. If you have a few extra minutes after the field trip and before dismissal from school, put on some soothing classical music and have the students draw about what they saw and learned that day. It gives them a chance to decompress and review what they experienced. The next day, its a good idea to do a more active and in-depth review of the field trip material, extending the learning further and connecting it to what youre working on in the classroom.Write thank-you notes after the field trip. Lead a class language arts lesso n the day after your field trip, formally thanking the people who hosted your group. This serves as an etiquette lesson for your students and helps form your schools good reputation at the field trip destination. In future years, this goodwill could translate into prime perks for your school. With proper planning and a positive attitude, field trips can be unique ways to explore the outside world with your students. Stay flexible and always have a Plan B, and you should do just fine.

3 Sentences Demonstrating the Power of the Comma

3 Sentences Demonstrating the Power of the Comma 3 Sentences Demonstrating the Power of the Comma 3 Sentences Demonstrating the Power of the Comma By Mark Nichol The three sentences that follow illustrate the importance of the inclusion or omission of a comma can have in easing comprehension of a sentence. 1. After two hours at the bar, Jones said Smith was too drunk to drive, and Smith insisted that Jones take him home. This sentence erroneously implies that two hours after Jones and Smith arrived at a bar, Jones made the statement (to Smith?) that Smith was too drunk to drive; it seems odd that after Jones confronted Smith, the latter would demand a ride home. However, Jones is relating, much later (and to another party), the fact that two hours after they arrived at the bar, Smith was too drunk to drive; his demand for a ride was not in response to a confrontational comment. Inserting a comma after said to make â€Å"Jones said† a parenthetical attribution clarifies that Jones made the statement later, not that night: â€Å"After two hours at the bar, Jones said, Smith was too drunk to drive, and Smith insisted that Jones take him home.† 2. Smith admitted that he knew about the design side, but he didn’t know a whole heck of a lot about the manufacturing side. As written, this sentence suggests that although Smith acknowledged aloud that he was familiar with design, he apparently kept to himself his ignorance of manufacturing. However, though the context is not clear in isolation, Smith gave both pieces of information. In order to communicate that fact, the two components of the sentence must be parallel (â€Å"he admitted this and that†), and the comma must be omitted: â€Å"He admitted that he knew about the design side but he didn’t know a whole heck of a lot about the manufacturing side.† (A repeat of that can be inserted after but, though it is optional.) 3. This is the final known image of actor Robin Williams posing with a fan. This caption accompanying a photograph of Williams and an unidentified person can be read two ways: It is the last one he took with an admirer before his death (and the appearance of another person in the photo is important), or it is the last photograph taken of him before he died (and it just happens that it was taken with a fan). Even out of context, the first interpretation is suspect; unless the article the photo accompanies specifically pertains to the distinction of Williams being photographed with a fan (not likely), it’s almost certain that the fan’s presence in the photo is irrelevant to the distinction of the picture as the last one known to feature Williams before his death, and the phrase â€Å"posing with a fan† should be treated as a dependent clause: â€Å"This is the final known image of actor Robin Williams, posing with a fan.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†Connotations of 35 Words for Funny PeopleWhat Is a Doctor?

Psychological Factors of Crime and Constitutional Criminal Procedure Thesis

Psychological Factors of Crime and Constitutional Criminal Procedure - Thesis Example Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud talks about the â€Å"psychoanalytic theory†. According to this theory, the human mind in its natural stage does not harbour any sort of crime or hatred towards the community or its fellow beings. However, once the human being starts interacting with the society do the traits develop of negativity and crime. While the person interacts with people around him, he starts altering his mind and behaviour according to the developments taking place within the society. This can have a huge impact on the behavioural aspects of the human beings. The theory talks about the stage from an individual starts to give birth to negative traits about humanity. This happens if the person is outward in his emotions and tends to dislike and be disinterested with his life. Once he starts to get disinterested in the role of his life according to the societal needs, there is a great chance that he may start questioning the very reason for a society to exist. Once al l these questions brew in his mind, it all gives birth to a criminal mind, which accompanied by outward nature of emotional occurrence could lead to killings and other aspects of crime. So on one hand we see that human behaviour is always positive, but on the other hand we find that there are instances and situations where the negativity within the human mind takes over the conscious framework of happiness ad goodness for fellow beings, due to the nature of the society that the man starts to develop hatred for the same. It is extremely tough for minds which are weak in their consciousness to hold them tolerant for all the negativity surrounding their habitat. At the end of the day a lot of people do give in to the unfortunates of the society, and the fact that they are not able to defeat that negativity in their minds leads to crime in the society, whereby they take weapons and other means of mass destructions to eke out this negativity somehow form their system. One of the main rea sons of crime is the fact that the person who has developed a criminal mind has not been able to throw out the frustrations and negativity which has been living in his mind out of his system. Frustrated with life and other aspects of the society, he tries to find out means to throw away this frustration. But unfortunately he is not able to. Once he realizes that it is not going anywhere for him, and the fact that society seems to be largely responsible for his growing frustration and negativity, he decides that the best way to throw away such frustration is to give the negativity back to the people of the society, And this is where the phenomenon of crime starts to develop. A person takes upto crime due to a lot of sociological factors which get embedded into psychological factors. Society has been very much responsible for the derailment of humanity and the development of crime. The factor of crime always remains a negative factor as no one individual has been attracted to commit a crime in the first place. However, social inequalities and differences which have been casted upon the people have led to the ever growing situation of crime across different societies. Let us take an example of a man who has been going through a rough patch. He has been side-lined in his profession and does not have any hope to survive in his life. On top of that, his house is under stress from the landlord who

Sir Richard Rogers Lloyds Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sir Richard Rogers Lloyds Building - Essay Example This building, started in 1979 but not completed until 1984, is a complex combination of both Modern and Postmodern ideals that manages to evade allowing either framework to dominate. A basic description of the building indicates a tall structure with the unusual feature of having its service features exposed to the exterior and utilized as a decorative element. This follows the Modernist movement in its focus on the mechanical elements of the structure while it also reflects the postmodern element of everything being in a constant state of flux. The building was originally designed to serve as the corporate headquarters of a large insurance firm and is erected in the center of London’s financial district. This context illustrates the importance of its design as a means of reflecting the higher monetary, capitalistic values of the community and thus much in line with the Modernist ideals of the era. However, the building was also required to be highly flexible to be able to ac commodate perhaps as yet unknown technologies and to adapt to often changing uses, thus reinforcing the concepts of Postmodernism. As the following investigation will prove, though, the building itself, in its focus on mechanics and materials, falls more within the realm of the Modernist movement while its means of addressing the concerns of the times and the context incorporates the values and ideas of Postmodernism. The concepts of the Modern approach focus upon the assumption that everything can be classified into specific categories and definitions. â€Å"Modernity is a project, and not only a period, and it is, or was, a project of control, the rational mastery over nature, the planning, designing and plotting which led to planomania and technocracy† (Beilharz, 2001: 6). Emerging as a product and reaction to an increasingly mechanized world in which standardization seemed inevitable; the basic

Coping Tactics in Translation Essay Example for Free

Coping Tactics in Translation Essay One cannot deny the astounding success of the â€Å"Twilight† series of books and films. Seemingly overnight, almost everyone has been sideswept by the popularity of the four-book series namely, â€Å"Twilight†, â€Å"New Moon†, â€Å"Eclipse†, and â€Å"Breaking Dawn†, all by debuting author Stephenie Meyer. The book’s characters have also become household names, the most popular ones being Edward Cullen, Bella Swan, and Jacob Black. Not surprisingly, the actors who portrayed them in the films have also been catapulted to stardom: Robert Pattinson, Kristen Stewart, and Taylor Lautner, playing the mentioned characters respectively. Definitely amazing, considering the simplicity of the story, a love triangle involving three teenagers. What probably makes the difference is that two of them are not human. Twilight Mystique 4 Demystifying the â€Å"Twilight† Mystique Most of us dream of making it big. Maybe to discover or invent something that will change the world, or put together an award-winning record album that will go platinum, or possibly, write a book that will sell millions of copies worldwide. The Author Herself Stephenie Meyer had a dream, literally. â€Å"A vivid dream took her to a forest meadow where she saw an average-looking girl and a stunningly handsome vampire having an intense conversation†, it says in her website, stepheniemeyer. com (cited in Vaz, 2008). She then began to flesh out a story, and after three months, she finished the first book, â€Å"Twilight†. She submitted her manuscript to several literary agencies and eventually ended up in the hands of the publishing company, Little, Brown where the road to success got a jumpstart, to say the least (stepheniemeyer.com, 2010). The rest of the saga has then followed the path to fame and fortune. Crossing age barriers the world over, the â€Å"Twilight† series has proven that if you take seemingly ordinary characters in a seemingly ordinary setting and spice it all up with something extraordinary, create situations and experiences that are almost believable, then you have got a winning formula. The Twilight Series The back cover of the first book, â€Å"Twilight†, teases us with the words, â€Å"About three things I was absolutely positive. First, Edward was a vampire. Second, there was a part of him – and I didn’t know how dominant that part might be – that thirsted for my blood. And third, I was unconditionally and irrevocably in love with him† (Meyer, 2005, back cover). Twilight Mystique 5 Almost immediately, two things jump out at the reader, the fact that there is a vampire involved, and so is that crazy, adrenaline-pumping emotion called love. The lore and legend of vampires goes way back into the olden days, with practically every culture having its own imaginative version of the creatures, often tortured souls who drink the blood of their victims (Vaz, 2008, p. 13). In fact, â€Å"Twilight† director Catherine Hardwicke says, â€Å"One reason the Twilight series has such resonance may be that the vampire myth is deeply rooted in the human psyche† (Vaz, 2008, p. 15). Joel Schumacher, director of â€Å"The Lost Boys†, a film about vampires haunting a resort town on the California coast, remarked in his commentary on the said film’s DVD, â€Å"I think one of the reasons vampires have an enduring quality is they’re the only monsters that are really sexy† (cited in Vaz, 2008). True enough, vampires are often portrayed as very attractive human beings, the only obvious giveaway is when they bare their fangs, to satisfy their thirst for blood. The universal theme of love has been used countless times in books, movies, poetry, music, and all other possible vehicles of expression. Thus, the obvious love angle in the â€Å"Twilight† series may be nothing new, but it still definitely sells. As an article by S. A. Dalton declared, â€Å"Every girl dreams of falling in love one day. She dreams of that perfect soulmate who was put on this earth to love no one but her†¦It’s a love that voids all pain and validates the very reason that either of them were born†¦Because of this love, the Twilight series was a huge success! † (cited in helium. com, 2002-2010) The character of Bella herself, as the narrator, often articulates the extent of their feelings. In the second book, â€Å"New Moon†, she narrates, â€Å"My head was already spinning by the time he leaned closer and pressed his icy lips against mine†¦I forgot all about my worries, and concentrated on remembering how to inhale and exhale (Meyer, 2006, p. 16) Twilight Mystique 6 Hardwicke even accurately observed that â€Å"for all the inherent darkness that came with vampires, it was the love story that touched people† (Vaz, 2008, p.134). The reader can also easily identify with Bella’s character, for she was portrayed as an ordinary, not particularly popular, oftentimes clumsy teenage girl. In the third book, â€Å"Eclipse†, she said, â€Å"We were almost to the clearing when I fell. I could see the wide opening ahead, and that’s probably why I got too eager and forgot to watch my feet. I caught myself before my head bashed into the nearest tree, but a small branch snapped off under my left hand and gouged into my palm† (Meyer, 2007, p. 470). Incidentally, the movie version of this third installment, to be shown June 30, 2010, is being eagerly awaited by the fans, as attested to by the â€Å"official online destination for all Twilight fans,† thetwilightsaga. com (thetwilightsaga. com, 2010). Stephenie Meyer makes it all so believable. After all, Bella remains unchanged, as unassuming as ever, even for instance in the fourth book, â€Å"Breaking Dawn†, wherein she was driving a new Mercedes Guardian and two strangers asked to have their pictures taken beside it. â€Å"It took me a second to process that. ‘Really? You want to take a picture with the car? ’, says Bella. † And as the two guys proceed to take pictures by the hood and even the back end, Bella whimpers to herself, â€Å"I miss my truck† (Meyer, 2008, pp. 6-7). This fourth installment meanwhile, will be shown as two films, and back-to-back shooting is expected to begin in October 2010, as stated in an article by Erik Davis (cited in cinematical. com, 2003-2010). Twilight Mystique 7 Anyhow, as Peter Facinelli, the actor who portrays Edward Cullen’s dad, said in his interview with Early Show co-anchor Maggie Rodriguez, â€Å"Anything that gets kids to read is a fantastic thing too† (cited in cbsnews. com, 2008). And so the â€Å"Twilight† phenomenon goes on. It will forever inspire us to follow and live our dreams, be it literally or figuratively speaking. So when a sudden inspiration strikes, take it as a hint to possibly start something big. Twilight Mystique 8 References Cbsnews. com. (2008). Facinelli on â€Å"Twilight† Phenomenon. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2008/11/21/earlyshow/leisure/boxoffice/main 4625399. shtml. Dalton, S. A. (2002-2010). Why the Twilight Series by Stephenie Meyer became so successful. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from http://www. helium. com/items/1430290-stephenie- meyers-twilight-was-a-success. Davis, E. (2010). It’s Official: â€Å"Breaking Dawn† will be Two Movies. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from http://www. cinematical. com/2010/02/11/its-official-breaking-dawn- will-be-two-movies. Meyer, S. M. (2005). Twilight. New York: Little, Brown and Company. Meyer, S. M. (2006). New Moon. New York: Little, Brown and Company. Meyer, S. M. (2007). Eclipse. New York: Little, Brown and Company. Meyer, S. M. (2008). Breaking Dawn. New York: Little, Brown and Company. Stepheniemeyer. com. (2010). Bio. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from http://www. stepheniemeyer. com. Thetwilightsaga. com. (2010). Eclipse Movie Tie ¬-in Books. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from http://www. thetwilightsaga. com. Twilight Mystique 9 Vaz, M. C. (2008). The complete illustrated movie companion:twilight. New York: Little, Brown and Company.

Toni Morrisons Beloved - Identity Essay -- Toni Morrison Beloved Essa

Review of "Beloved: A Question of Identity"  Ã‚   In her essay "Beloved: A Question of Identity," Christina Davis discusses the issue of identity from an historical perspective, a textual perspective and an authorial perspective. She looks at the text in comparison to the slave narrative, explores how the text itself expresses issues of identity and describes Morrison's choices of authorship and their contribution to identity. Her exploration of the theme of identity calls upon the treatment of self-image, particularly in the context of slavery; and outward image as expressed by naming and other white descriptions of the black characters. Her organization of information is historically sequential, ordering elements as they occurred rather than in the narrative order of the novel. Davis' introduction seeks to place the novel in the context of a slave narrative. However, she identifies several departures from the traditional form. Morrison creates a narrative which focuses on the individual rather than the collective. The novel favors the perspective of the oppressed to that of the oppressor. Davis identifies two ways that Morrison accomplishes this perspective. First, she describes not the "horrifying statistics of slavery" but instead seeks to explore "what it felt like" (151). This reorientation of topic is accomplished by taking "the individual out of the mass of statistics" (151). The second major device is the manner in which Morrison has "displaced the tone of the prose from the third person to the first" (151). Davis acknowledges that while the novel is not narrated primarily in the fist person, the main perspective is that of Sethe, who is gifted by Morrison with her own voice. The first major division of the ess... ...rison's authorial choices. The first is "the reclamation of black history" by the characters (155). By giving voices to enslaved characters, Morrison gives "them back their own history as human beings" as well as reminding the reader of that history (155). The second major effect is the fullness of character that results from Morrison's "mastery of the voices she speaks through" (155). Davis cites the sections of the novel which are delivered in the first person as particularly effective in producing the identities of Sethe, Beloved and Denver, the speakers. She identifies the chapter in which all three speak together as "the symbolic peak of the interaction among the three women and their search for identity" (155). Davis ends by praising the authorial skill of Morrison, as shall I. Works Cited: Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York, Penguin Books USA Inc, 1988.

History Of A Transparent Membrane Health And Social Care Essay

A regular flow of aqueous temper base on ballss through a squashy tissue, known as trabeculate net, and Schlemms canal. Flexing of the TM pumps aqueous temper from the anterior chamber to SC through a series of valves crossing SC. The valves deliver the aqueous temper further on to venas in the sclerotic coat [ 38, 50, 51 ] . The aqueous flow is controlled and powered by the force per unit area difference during systole and diastole of the cardiac rhythm, the respiration, eye blink and oculus motion [ 51 ] . The abode clip of about 100 proceedingss of the fluid allows the exchange of foods and waste to and from the lens and cornea [ 43, 52 ] . A force per unit area bead of about 0.8kPa ( 6 mmHg ) occurs as the aqueous temper progresses into the aqueous venas but this force per unit area bead can increase drastically in eyes affected by glaucoma [ 52 ] . Figure 2-8 illustrates how a force per unit area addition causes the aqueous valves within the TM to compact, diminishing the lms dr astically and cut downing outflow and hence doing an accretion of AH taking to still higher IOP [ 51, 53 ] . The maximal force per unit area that can happen in an orb is set by the highest force per unit area degree in the ciliary arteria, which is, on norm, about 60mmHg ( 8.0kPa ) ( Figure 2-6 ) . Beswick et Al. [ 54 ] and Heys et Al. [ 55 ] define the trabeculate net permeableness ( kTM ) which they estimate to be 2.1 A- 10-9ms-1Pa-1 for normal IOP. The cornea is a crystalline membrane and belongs to the external portion of the outer hempen adventitia. The chief map of the cornea is to refract light into the oculus. The curvature of the cornea is greater than the remainder of the oculus and the junction with the sclerotic coat is known as sulcus sclerae. The thickness of the cornea varies between 1.2mm and 0.5mm from the outer ring of the cornea, the sulcus sclerotic coat, to the Centre. The cardinal corneal thickness ( CCT ) varies by +/-20 % between persons [ 13, 56 ] . Feltgen et Al. [ 57 ] reported that they had measured CCT in 72 patients and found a scope of 0.448 to 0.713mm. Elsheikh et Al. [ 58 ] have used CCT values of 0.32mm to 0.72mm in their numerical theoretical account to imitate distortion differences of the cornea when using an applanation device ( Goldman applanation tonometer ) . Doughty and Zaman [ 56 ] calculated the CCT from 300 informations sets from literature ( from 1968-1990 ) and calculated the CCT for corneas which were designated as normal and found the norm to be 0.534mm. The radius of curvature of human corneas has been found to be 7.9mm [ 56, 57, 59 ] . The cornea consists of 5 beds: the corneal epithelial tissue, the anterior modification membrane ( Bowman ‘s membrane ) , the chief organic structure of the cornea, substantia propria, the posterior modification lamina and the endothelium of the anterior chamber ( Figure 2-9 ) . The Young ‘s Modulus of cornea has been measured utilizing a assortment of trial methods. Smolek et Al. [ 61 ] , for illustration, have applied an internal force per unit area to human orbs in vitro and have measured the ensuing radius of curvature. They so calculated the Young ‘s Modulus utilizing LaPlace ‘s Law, i.e. presuming that the orb behaves as a thin-walled domain with changeless radius of curvature and wall thickness: where P is the known force per unit area in the orb, R is the known mensural curvature radius which can be rearranged to strive in the cornea and T is the known mensural cardinal cornea thickness. In the force per unit area scope of 2.1kPa ( 16mmHg ) to 2.8kPa ( 21 mmHg ) they found Young ‘s Modulus to be changeless at 1.03GPa. Hoeltzel et Al. [ 37 ] carried out uniaxial cyclic tensile trials on four cornea strips cut from human eyes of mean CCT 0.82mm, length 10mm-30mm and width about 2mm. The samples were tested up to strains of 0.08 % at a strain rate of 2.7A-10-4s-1 to 8.3A-10-4s-1 depending on sample length ( changeless distortion rate 0.05mm/min ) . To qualify the information, the same power jurisprudence was used as Hubbard and Chun [ 37 ] ( Equation ( 2-1 ) ) . The value of I? was about changeless at near to 2.0 for all 4 cyclic burdens, co-occuring with the power coefficient for collagen obtained by Hubbard and Chun. The I ±-value increased from 54.32MPa for the first rhythm to 98.97MPa for the 4th rhythm. The tangent moduli to the emphasis degrees of 6.4kPa and 260kPa were 0.34MPa and 0.56MPa severally, approximately tantamount to internal force per unit areas of 1.3kPa and 53kPa ( 10mmHg and 400mmHg ) severally. Elsheikh et Al. [ 62 ] presented values of Young ‘s modulus in relation to intraocular force per unit area and age. They used a cornea-sclera subdivision and applied force per unit areas up to 3.1kPa ( 35mmHg ) . Three different age groups ( 50-64, 65-79, 80-95 ) were tested and two different rates of addition of force per unit area were used ( 37.5mmHg/min and 3.75mmHg/min ) [ 63 ] . The consequences can be seen in Figure 2-11 and demo a clear decrease in Young ‘s modulus for lower rates of addition of force per unit area and a clear addition in Young ‘s modulus with age. All the measured Young ‘s moduli were in the scope of 0.16MPa and 0.96MPa. FEM simulations of the cornea have shown that values below 0.01MPa are non realistic due to the fact that the curvature radius would increase to twice that of the unpressured status when pressurised with 2.1kPa ( 16mmHg ) and that would imply a 400 % volume enlargement [ 59 ] . The big fluctuation in the mensural belongingss reviewed above can be explained with the different trials used to mensurate the belongingss ( rising prices and tensile testing ) and the extremely visco elastic behavior of the cornea which leads to a nonlinearity of the stress-strain curve and sensitiveness to fluctuations with strain rate. Therefore the â€Å" known † Young ‘s modulus varies from 0.01 to 1000MPa [ 54, 58, 59, 61, 64-67 ] . In simple footings, aqueous temper flows from the posterior chamber through the posterior tract ( spread between lens and flag ) to the anterior chamber and drains at that place through the trabeculate net ( Figure 2-10 ) . Glaucoma is defined as the status whereby aqueous temper is non able to run out at the normal rate through the trabeculate net. Even though the escape is limited, the production of aqueous temper in the ciliary organic structure continues and this leads to a force per unit area addition in the orb. The force per unit area addition distorts soft tissue within the oculus because the oculus can non freely spread out due to the hempen coating around the sclerotic coat. If the force per unit area in the oculus reaches dual its normal force per unit area of about 2kPa ( 16 mmHg ) , deformation of the nervus fibres Begins and the ocular field reduces or becomes out of focal point. Because the ocular nervus has to go through through all three adventitias ( hempen adventit ia, vascular adventitia and nervous adventitia ) , it is non enclosed in connective tissue and this makes it vulnerable to damage in glaucoma [ 38 ] . If glaucoma can be recognized at its early phases, it might be treatable utilizing drugs which cut down the production of aqueous tempers and/or constrict the student and put the border of the flag into tenseness which makes its surface more permeable to aqueous temper [ 68 ] . whereas secondary glaucomas are those where the addition in IOP is due to injury, redness or tumor of the orb. The two most common types are primary unfastened angle glaucoma and primary angle closing glaucoma. Primary open-angle glaucoma ( POAG ) is the taking cause of sightlessness [ 69, 70 ] . It can be characterised by an intraocular force per unit area above 21mmHg, an unfastened, normal looking anterior chamber angle, no eyepiece or systematic abnormalcy that might account for the raised IOP and typical glaucomatous ocular field and ocular nervus harm [ 71 ] . Figure 2-12 shows the addition of IOP caused by POAG. The black pointer shows the flow of aqueous temper from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber. When the fluid reaches the trabeculate net it can non run out through the TM due to blockage and the force per unit area increases in the orb. Patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma ( PACG ) besides exhibit an addition in IOP ( higher than 21mmHg ) , the oculus is ruddy and the student is mid-dilated. To prove whether the trabeculate net is blocked by the flag it is necessary to measure the anterior chamber angle. Figure 2-13 illustrates how the flag can contract the angle between itself and the cornea thereby barricading the escape of aqueous tempers through the TM [ 71, 72 ] .

ICT has changed the way people live, work and communicate

Information Communication Technology ( ICT ) has significantly changed the manner people live, work, communicate and learn. Therefore, ICT influences many parts of our plants and lives, every bit good as many of our free clip activities. The fact is it includes a assorted figure of tools like computing machines which help to better human life. In instruction to be more specific it has been proven that ICT is a really of import portion of instruction and acquisition procedure. ICT creates new signifiers of larning that can be customized to pupils demands. Using ICT tools, such as multimedia, e-mail, synergistic presentation, CD-ROM, computing machine simulations, computing machine lab and www-based resources, can form learning so that the pupils can command the acquisition procedure. Lessons that based on the scholars ‘ accomplishments can be designed in new and more effectual ways.A Enhancing collaborative activities among pupils utilizing networked computing machine labs. Stud ents can discourse subjects specified by the teacher utilizing on-line treatment forums. Scientific surveies are going easier through computing machine simulations and ocular tools enable pupils to better understand constructs ( Morrison, Lowther and DeMeulle, 1999 ) . The integrating of ICT in the instruction sector is of import to run into the challenges presented by new tendencies, particularly with the planetary communicating of cognition. It is of import that the pupils become familiar with the construct and usage of ICT in order to fit them for future occupation market. Besides, the instructors can accomplish better quality in learning methods.A A1.2 Education system in Saudi ArabiaThe primary instruction system began in Saudi Arabia in the thirtiess. By 1945, King Abdulaziz bin Abdelrahman Al-Saud, the state ‘s laminitis, had initiated an extended plan to set up schools in the Kingdom. Six old ages subsequently, in 1951, the state had 226 schools with 29,887 pupils. In 1954, the Ministry of Education was established, headed by so Prince Fahd bin Abdulaziz as the first Minister of Education. Primary, intermediate and secondary schools are handled by the Ministry of Education, but policies sing third instruction are handled by the Minist ry of Higher Education, established in 1975 ( Ministry of Education, 2010 ) . The kindergarten in Saudi Arabia is non-mandatory. It starts when kids aged 3-6 old ages. Nurseries and kindergartens are supervised, established and developed by different sectors ; the private sector, the Ministry of Education, General Presidency for Girls Education, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Ministry of Health and governmental and private universities. The official instruction in Saudi Arabia starts from primary schools and above. A brief description for each phase is as follows: Primary schools in Saudi Arabia consist of six classs ( from age 6 to 12 ) . Get downing from this phase the male child and misss are separated in different schools. Middle schools in Saudi Arabia or intermediate schools consist of three classs ( from age 13-15 old ages old ) . In Saudi Arabia there are different sorts of secondary schools like general secondary schools, commercial, proficient and vocational secondary schools which are under The General Organization for Technical Education and Vocational Training. The general secondary schools consists of three classs 10, 11 and 12 ( from age 16-18 old ages old ) ( Ministry of Education, 2010 ) .1.3 ICT in Saudi ArabiaDeveloped and developing states have responded to the challenge by originating national plans to present computing machine engineering into instruction. Saudi Arabia made great paces in the countries of computing machine usage in instruction. With respect to the computing machine usage as learning stuff within the course of study of general instruction or its usage in the disposal of the educational procedure. Saudi Arabia takes the advantages of computing machines and introduced it in instruction since 1996 as a tool and course of study to heighten instruction system. Consequently, Computer l abs have been established in secondary schools to learn computing machine scientific discipline as a topic. Many undertakings were implemented beside part from private sector to the airing of computing machine civilization in line with the Ministry of Education programs ( Computer and Information Centre, 2008 ) . The Ministry of Education ten-year strategic program was established in 2004. It stated that its Information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) end is to develop the substructure of information and communicating engineering and its employment in instruction and acquisition ( Computer and Information Centre, 2008 ) . This comprehensive program for the integrating of engineering in instruction, through many undertakings such as: King Abdullah Bin Abdul Aziz undertaking for the development of public instruction was in 2007. It has a budget of SR 9 billion and aimed to vouch the handiness of a extremely skilled and motivated work force in the hereafter. The undertaking will get down with making a hi-tech schoolroom environment in the Kingdom in six old ages. More than 400,000 instructors will be trained to manage categories in the hi-tech manner ( Ministry of Education, 2008 ) . The Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia identified 39 stairss to implement this undertaking which includes course of study development, professional development programmes for instructors, betterment of the educational environment and the extra-curricular activities for pupils of the more than five million pupils ( Ministry of Education, 2007 ) . The execution of this undertaking required the readying of course of study, digital electronic books and educational elements of the course of study, and constructing proficient criterions integrating into the course of study, course of study development at all phases, get downing from primary through to secondary school. In fact, MOE identified nine stairss to better the educational environment including associating all schools through high-velocity digital communicating and supplying webs within schools with the necessary waiter, and supplying portable Personal computer ( laptop ) devices to each instructor for readyings and lessons. The Saudi authorities ‘s end is to intermix ICT with instruction ( Ministry of Education, 2007 ) . As a consequence, the Computer Based Labs undertaking has been established in schools across a scope of different engineerings. One of the Ministry of Education precedences is the development of Learning Resource Centre ( LRC ) in each school to supply information through ICT. LRC purpose to supply appropriate acquisition environment that allows the scholar to take advantage of several different types of beginnings of acquisition and make self-learning chances and heighten his accomplishments in research and geographic expedition, enabling the instructor to follow the modern methods in the design of the lesson and develop stuffs, execution and rating. This twelvemonth is the 3rd stage of the constitution of Learning Resource Centre in the public schools. Therefore, this undertaking contributes to increase pupils ‘ technological civilization and the effectivity of lessons. Fu rthermore, the authorities encourages the investing in E-learning or â€Å" distance instruction † to supply instruction and preparation of national workers. In short, Saudi MOE gives precedence in heightening instruction and acquisition procedure and developing educational environment with all updated engineerings.1.4 Statement of jobThe hereafter of the computing machine engineering as an educational tool which allows the interaction between the scholars and lesson, distinguishes computing machine engineering than the remainder of the educational tools that came before it. Furthermore, Banathy ( 1996 ) asserts that the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and acquisition is an educational invention that touches all facets of a school system such as course of study, instructional patterns, learning schemes and techniques, schoolroom scenes, stuffs, resources, instructors ‘ preparation and professional development, appraisal, etc. Teachers are an of import factor in the execution of computing machine engineering integrating in instruction. Without the engagement of instructors, most pupils may non take advantage of all the available possible benefits of computing machine engineering on their ain. The educational system in Saudi Arabia keeps increasing the attending in recent old ages on developing instructors and course of study. Promoting the usage of modern learning AIDSs such as computing machines and develop instructors ‘ accomplishments. The Saudi Ministry of Education has launched ambitious programs to incorporate engineering in instruction, and attention was given to both instructors ‘ and pupils ‘ computing machine accomplishments, like set uping the Learning Resource Centres which to a great extent depending on computing machine engineering to supply information for scholars, computing machine labs and computerized scientific discipline labs to research its assorted applications in t he Fieldss of instruction ( Computer and Information Centre, 2008 ) . Teachers ‘ phases of concern about this invention are an of import component to promote instructor to incorporate computing machine engineering in their instruction. Without the cognition of instructors ‘ phase of concern in this invention it will be hard how to continue in the execution of computing machine engineering integrating in instruction and acquisition among instructors in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, because instructors play cardinal function in the diffusion of educational invention it is indispensable to cognize their phase of concern about this invention while most of the surveies investigate instructors ‘ attitudes and degree of usage of computing machine engineering in learning and larning. Besides, teacher preparedness is a cardinal to measuring a instructor ‘s ability to originate, develop or follow a given invention ; it is utile for decision makers and pedagogues to understand instructors ‘ concerns, both before and during the execution stage of an invention ( Fullan, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Hord, Rutherford, Huling-Austin, and Hall ( 1987 ) , alteration is best carried out by single instructors, and, therefore, placing instructor concerns about an invention is indispensable in easing the acceptance procedure and besides they recommended the usage of the Concerns-Based Adoption Model ( CBAM ) to steer invention execution to a successful point of acceptance. A few surveies about instructors ‘ phases of concern in The Arabic context like Al Shammari ( 2000 ) in his survey in instructors ‘ concern about computing machine engineering execution in the intermediate schools in Kuwait. He indicates that instructors with many old ages of experience expressed higher impact concerns, while instructors with few old ages of experience reported lower ego concerns. On the other manus most of the surveies focus on one learning country like scientific discipline instructors ( Dass,1997 ) , English instructors ( Aziz,2008 ) , computing machine instructors ( Al Shammari,2000 ) and societal surveies instructors ( Al-Aghbari,2007 ) . †¦ †¦ Therefore, the job of this survey is because of the deficiency of information sing Saudi secondary schools instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and acquisition.1.5 Research aimsThe purpose of this research is to look into Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning. The research aims are: To place Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and acquisition. To place the differences between Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning in footings of learning experience. To place the differences between Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning in footings of country of learning country.1.6 Research inquiriesThe information of this survey will be analyzed to reply the undermentioned inquiries: What is Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning? Is there a important difference between Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning in footings of learning experience? Is there a important difference between Saudi secondary school instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering in learning and larning in footings of learning country?1.7 Significance of the surveyDeriving an grasp of the instructors ‘ phases of concern about the integrating of computing machine engineering for learning and larning may supply utile penetrations into engineering integrating and use of engineering in learning and larning. It is expected that the consequences of the research will steer future research and development in the state and sketch the importance of the usage of information and communicating engineering in instruction for instructors, pupils, and decision-makers. Besides, this research will lend to the research on instructors ‘ concerns about the acceptance of an invention. The findings of this survey can assist the facilitators of alteration to do appropriate determinations on when and how to supply support to single instructors during the execution of ICT integrating in Saudi instruction.1.8 Restrictions of the surveyThis survey is conducted with the undermentioned restrictions: it is applied in Saudi general secondary schools in Al-Hassa state. The private general secondary schools, the proficient and vocational establishments and the schools in rural country are non included in this survey. Another restriction of this survey that the sample is from the male childs ‘ Secondary schools instructors merely because the educational system in Saudi Arabia is gender-based. Data will be collected from Secondary schools instructors in Al-Hassa state in Saudi Arabia by utilizing lone Phases of Concern Questionnaire ( SoCQ ) as a study instrument of this survey. Therefore, the consequences from this survey can non be generalized to all the Saudi secondary schools.1.9 Operational definitionsSaudi Secondary school instructors: this refers to instructors who teach in the 3rd phase of general instruction system in Saudi Arabia. This phase consists of classs ( 10-11-12 ) where the pupils are in the age from age 16-18 old ages old. Teachers in this survey are in different learning countries. Computer engineering: This term refers to the full scope of digital hardware and package used to back up instruction and acquisition across the course of study, runing from desktops, laptops, handheld computing machines and applications, local web and the cyberspace to digital peripherals such as cameras, scanners and adaptative devices. It does non include older parallel media such as movies ( Centre for Applied Research in Technology Education, 2005 ) . The integrating of Computer engineering: The incorporation of engineering resource ( computing machines and specialised package, network-based communicating system and other equipment and substructure ) and technology-based pattern into day-to-day modus operandis, work and direction of schools ( Christensen,1997 ; US Department of Education,2002 ) . It refers to the usage of computing machine engineering to heighten instruction and better the pupils larning ( Baker, 2003 ) . Phases of concern: It refers to the phases of concern in CBAM which includes Awareness, Informational, Personal, Management, Consequences, Collaboration and Refocusing.

Introduction to an Oligopoly Market

Introduction to an Oligopoly Market When discussing different types of market structures, monopolies are at one end of the spectrum, with only one seller in monopolistic markets, and perfectly competitive markets are at the other end, with many buyers and sellers offering identical products. That said, there is a lot of middle ground for what economists call imperfect competition. Imperfect competition can take a number of different forms, and the particular features of an imperfectly competitive market has implications for the market outcomes for consumers and producers. Oligopoly is one form of imperfect competition, and oligopolies have a number of specific features: Several large firms - Oligopolies generally consist of a few large firms, and this is part of what sets them apart from competitive markets. Similar or identical products - While it is possible to have an oligopoly with slightly differentiated products, firms in oligopolies usually sell non-differentiated products. Barriers to entry - There are barriers to entry into an oligopoly, making oligopolies different from competitive markets with a large number of relatively small firms. In essence, oligopolies are named as such because the prefix oli- means several, whereas the prefix mono-, as in monopoly, means one. Because of barriers to entry, firms in oligopolies are able to sell their products at prices above their marginal costs of production, and this generally results in positive economic profits for firms in oligopolies. This observation of markup over marginal cost implies that oligopolies do not maximize social welfare.

Cause Effect Papers

Cause Effect Papers Cause Effect Papers Cause Effect Papers: Why and What? You may be surprised by the fact that writing of cause effect papers is rather fascinating task. But it is so, indeed! Why? When writing cause effect papers students investigate causes and effects of certain events or phenomena that have taken or are taking place in nature or human society. Is it not interesting to find out why World War I started or what may be results of the carbon emission increasing? So, lets consider how to do this interesting task in order to get high grades! In what way should cause effect papers be written? It is up to you to decide whether you want to study causes or effects, whether you want to research the main causes/effects among numerous ones. The matter point is that you should be interested in the issue. The process of writing of cause effect papers First of all, one should stress that writing of cause effect papers like any other assignment papers should begin with determining of a topic. If you are not provi ded with a certain topic for your writing, your task is more difficult. You should think about what you want to study in your cause effect paper. Remember: choose the topic that is interesting for you. It will be much easier for you to write your paper. Besides, you will be able to make your paper interesting for your audience. So, then the process of your writing starts.Study the issue. Before writing about any causes or effects you should study the issue in question properly. Remember: the more information on the topic you will find, the better you will highlight the issue. Make a thesis statement. State what exactly you are discussing. Pay attention your thesis statement should be short and clear. Make an outline. Determine the main points you are going to highlight in your paper: causes, effects or both causes and effects. Write your paper. Try to use different facts, examples, results of some observations, some figures. That will make your paper more interesting and convincing. The usage of various transitional words and phrases such as first of all, firstly, secondly, this suggestion is supported by the fact that, it seems that, moreover will help you put your thoughts clearly and logically. Do not forget to check your cause effect paper! Any mistakes may easily spoil the impression about your paper and, hence, your grade. So, re-read your paper for several times paying attention to grammar, spelling, punctuation and the whole contents. So, bearing in mind this information will help you in writing any of cause effect papers.

Designing Networking (WAN) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Designing Networking (WAN) - Essay Example To transfer a 972.222kb data in less than two minutes we can have an Internet connection which has an upload speed of 32kbps. If we take 256 kbps of access speed connectivity then down load would be 256 divided by 4 and upload would be 256 divided by 8. These are standard calculation to choose an Internet connection. If continuous connectivity is required then we can choose DSL connectivity or else a dial up connectivity would be sufficient. A 256kbps dial up connectivity can upload 32 kb per second that is equal to 1920 kb per minute which is 3840kb i.e 3.75mb for two minutes which exceeds our requirement. This type of connectivity is ideal for Fargo to Denver. For a link to this configuration we need a DS3 dedicated link which can support a 45mb per second. This is the most ideal line type for the given data transfer. To have a DS3 link we need to have a multiplexer, router and a switch. Switch = Cisco catalyst 4605 which can support more than 200 users. A 45 mbps dedicated link would be the cheapest and reliable line type from Minneapolis to Denver which does not need an Internet connection. This connectivity is called a tie line. The same can be used for even voice connectivity from Denver to Minneapolis. For the St.Louis to Denver connectivity a 256 kpbs dial up connectivity would be an ideal line type. Since only a 100 kbps data transfer is needed. Dial up is advised since the connectivity needed is intermittent. The Nortel multiplexer is connected to a Cisco router and from there a Cisco switch is connected. From the switch we can many interfaces. Fargo and St.Louis connect to the main office through Internet. Only Minneapolis connect to Denver using a DS3 45 MBPS dedicated link. Nortel 7480 multiplexer WAN diagram showing four location connectivity Data transfer calculations for St.Louis. 100kb = 100/1024 = 0.09mb. a 256 kbps dial up would far exceed the 100 kbps requirement. Reference Development Gateway. (2006) Information and Communication Technologies for Development. [online]. Available from: http://topics.developmentgateway.org/ict. [Accessed 6 Dec. 2006]. Frost. (2006) Growth Partnership Service: Information and Communication Technologies. [online]. Available from: http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/svcg.pag/IT00. [Accessed 6 Dec. 2006]. Chumbley, Lloyd. (n.d.) E-technology. [online]. Available from: http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/61504.html. [Accessed 6 Dec.

Slip & Fall Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slip & Fall - Assignment Example Hence the defense is correctly drawn as far as the grocery store rules are concerned. The bag boy had done his duty which is important to consider in defense of the grocery store. Ann is being emotional in her response because it was her mistake in the first place and the grocery store should not pay for her lapse in concentration. Also the fact that she did not read the wet floor sign and disregarded it was her own mistake, which needs to be understood on the part of the court. Hence suing the grocery store for damages is unwarranted and does not merit a case at all. Ann should have known better where she is in the wrong and what kind of error she has committed in bringing her downfall (Biggermann, 2010). The grocery store did everything to make sure that she did not cross the barrier but putting up the wet floor sign but if she did not read it, then it is solely her own mistake and the store must not be blamed for it. Also the fact that many customers visit this grocery store on a daily basis is enough for the court to understand that a grocery store can just do so much. The customers need to be wary of the signs that are put up at such places and find out where they are going wrong or committing mistakes. This will put them at ease as far as slipping and falling down dynamics are concerned. It is important that the court considers the defense of the grocery store management as well before reaching on to a decision. The facts are there for the court to see and analyze, and now it is the responsibility of the honorable court to reach a decision which is based on impartiality and fairness. Ann must have known she is not following the proper rules and procedures within the grocery store and this is one aspect that should not have lingered on to such proportions. However, this unfortunate event took place much to the agony

Organizing function of management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Organizing function of management - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that there are four main functions of management such as planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The fourth function of management which is controlling includes monitoring activities and resources efficiently and effectively within an organization. Technological resources include an organization’s ability to innovate and speed with which innovation occurs (The internal environment: A resource-based review of strategy). In order to be successful in the business, companies need to understand and observe customers closely. Only after knowing the customers, we can personalize products and services as per their needs and requirements. Technology is an important organizational resource with which companies can do wonders for their customers if managed this resource wisely. Technology provides companies to add as many features as they would like in a single product. For example, if you go back a decade or two, the function of the mos t advanced cell phone was to make a phone call or send a message. Now, times have changed. Drastic changes have come in the field of technology. The new iPhone by Apple has 10,000 features including wireless Internet, digital camera, global positioning system, and even audio/video player. Apple is the most valuable technology company in the world. Apple introduced tablets and other advanced gadgets in the market which no one can compete. It attracts all the technological freaks towards its latest inventions with its innovative features and great looks.

Inter Organizational Information Systems Information Technology Essay

Inter Organizational Information Systems Information Technology Essay In these decades, most of the businesses rely on Information systems in each every aspect. As a result of globalization not only all the countries but also the companies in the world try to adjust with new technology as well as with the electronic systems such as information system. Nowadays businesses like to outsource their company activities rather than bind with same industries. But there is an out sourcing cost which has to be born when the tasks of the company are outsourced. There are so many advantages as well as so many disadvantages can be seen like secret information can be spread all over the industry by outsourcing of such systems such as salary systems, financial systems, HR systems, manufacturing systems in an organization. There are so many information systems are found in companies as payroll systems, accounting systems like AC pacc packages, Accounting spread sheets, Oracle, SAGE and so on. They are providing a value added advantage to the business by minimizing manual errors, frauds etc. But in outsourcing of manufacturing functions of an organization; core-competencies, improving in production as well as the quality must be considered before outsourcing. Inter organizational information system is an important tool to carry-out organizational activities more than above mentioned information systems. These kinds of systems are supporting to enhance telecommunication technology among the business units. It is a good sign for future markets. The inter-organizational systems are also built as result of e-business as well as globalization. Importance of the Study This kinds of system are very important in so many hands like, can share information as well as decision from top to bottom by using information systems. With the help of such systems organizations can address each and every kind of people not only the managerial people but also in normal employees such as clerks, peons and so-on. Information system actually plays a wide role in business world not only by providing information to the organization body but also by gathering facts, data, information from out -side which are useful to the company. Exchanging sharing ideas among the business units is very helpful to survive in the business world, hence inter-organizational business acts major role to fulfill such circumstances. As an example, if in such company divided in to business units as manufacturing unit, human resource unit, finance unit and so-on, this inter organizational information system is very much essential to make co-ordination among these units and achieve specific goals within a minimum time period. In present we can see so many accounting information packages as mentioned earlier to build inter-organization relationship between accounting divisions of same organization. Most recently, businesses like to out-source their functions with out-side companies who provide out-sourcing facilities; in such situations inter-organizational information system act as a connector of the main business as well as the out-sourcing units. This also can be used to get the competitive advantages by understanding the threats and opportunities. Inter organization information system is one of the system tools which helps to make efficient in business in modern world since most of the companies addicted to practice such systems more than earlier decades as a result of new technology. IOS dependencies and its significance Todays world is well known for the technical computer oriented world. Renewed organizations totally depend on the E-business (Electronic Business). E-Business proves a very good source for the advertising of product. E-Business is very good example of inventions and innovations as well as improved skills of technology of a company. So there can be seen a strong relationship between IT and Inter-organization system. An industry has many branches like firms but each industry has its own IT (Information Technology). Each company has a desire to spread its business in worldwide area such as multinational company. So there can be seen a desire to make profit, attract consumers, offer facilities to its own clients. There is a trend of international trade as well as strong relationship between an industry and outside partners. When a companys will is on global, then there will be major point of outsourcing. For the uprising of the industry and the whole firms of an industry tries to offer a high quality production to its customers, IT proves a major aspect for the advancement of the organization. When a company make a product then it has to spend a large time to see gain profit, improve quality, consumers, competitors, price, substitutes, demand, supply chain, stock, as well as internal and external suppliers. For example when an organization produces a product the major points will be demand for the product, price of the product and status of competitors among the industry, when demand increases for a product then automatically output and input of the product increases according to supply and price. Substitutes are also involving for the production of the product. Demand is flexible, so production is also flexible. A product is always built to order (BTO). It requires order, demand, outsource, employed etc. There can be seen long term demand as well as short term demand such as the demand for warm clothes increases in winter not in summers but on the other hand patrol is all ways needed. When the price of the product will decrease then demand will be increased. The effective policies permitted by law prove beneficial for the further development of the organization. Each organization concentrates on social, economic condition as well as cultural, policies, suppliers and buyers teach it how to manage in society. Inter-organization system is related with suppliers and buyers performance. Planning and decision making process is also related to supply chain management. Inter-organization is also related to market such as shareholders, stock, demand factor. To improve supply chain management there is a system of Quick Response System (QRS) in this way an organization can improve its relationship with suppliers/buyers and between two parties. Supply chain management can improves itself by offer a high quality of product as well as good quality of raw material. A high quality of the product will have ability to provide satisfaction of its customer. The three well known level of communication is micro, meso and macro. Micro related to individually, Meso related to group and Macro related to broader aspect communication. Senior management makes decisions for organization to make product, to gain profit as well as investment. RESEACRCH CONTRIBUTION I have analyzed the higher level of external co-operation shared towards advancement process efficiency where inter organizational systems allows firm to gain sourcing trust over their suppliers. Higher level of Information system may not be useful for gathering information from the market and compare with the different available options. Information system also provides the facts that the firm produces standardized and good facing cut throat competitors by process efficiency by working enhancement higher level of corporation. IOS allows the organization to achieve all the aim target process oriented suppliers and buyers. Mangers should be very careful to check the processes which are fulfilled by the employees on the base of IOS. It is controversial that using ISO and gives advantage for transactional needs. It can help organization in the use of electronic system to target market as well as valuable suppliers. Were as all the process can be achieved only when the electronic system is established through integrated system. Suggestions helps the managers to identify the different facts of inter organizational system and making a decision and implementation and the use of inter organizational systems in different sections, the findings done by various researchers in the field of knowing the impacts in relation to the adoption of the impact of Inter organizational system. When needed to widen and the classification related to IOS concepts. Which also helps to include much wider scope in the enhancement latest website based processing data system and suppliers in co-operation or interrelationship with the management system. This will advance and increase the analyzing the various processes and facts of ISO and it will also need to have more spectacular internal and external perspective implementation. For example by analyzing done by Hard and Saunders(1998) he found out that one process of EDI can determine or find out factors of different processes. Thus we can explore and determine the performance and functionality of impact on inter organizational system. Theoretical processes and its functions INTER-ORGANISATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROCESS INTERGRATION AND FUNCTIONS Direction of inter organizational information systems in the role of system to human and system to system in the process of effective system function for the various process carried on by the instructions from the computer to computer and then to the process of the human understanding interface. This can be understood by the following Mainly there are 2 most important parts in an inter organizational information systems that determines the correct and effective functioning of the programmed automated information dispensation in field of system integrations are broadly classified into 2 parts they are system to system and system to human incorporation. The system to system incorporation mainly causes the transformation of data between the inside of the information systems of the executing data for an organization is fully automatically done, there is no need for the human mind to be applied or not needed to input computerized functions to processes the information systems. It is designed to make the process outcome automatically with accurate results with in a less period of time. For example as the electronic data interchange carries out the main classical automated data to compile and execute the data for the user for the directed desired outcome of result by the various amounts of transactions done and carried out by the implementation of EDI. (Matthew K. McGowan, 1996) Now lets pass on to system to human incorporation. Under this the data which is been transacted is semiautomatic by this term we come to know that the human intervention is included as well as the system process the data from one person through the inner information systems to and is send in a form of electronic system design layout to another person and then the receiving person collects the data and then processes it physically or by hand. Mainly this type of method is done in supply chain electronic incorporation where the internet based technologies have provided this in order to avoid very expensive system to system functioning costs this is done by even providing web gateway most commonly known as web portal. In order to gain fast functions to be carried on and less errors to be caused and more of accuracy in short period of time that would cause in best time management in information systems then the implementation of inter organizational information systems should be done. J ouni Kauremaa, mikko karkkainen, Timo Ala Risku , Helsinki University of technology, Finland RESEARCH MOTIVATION Under this a broadly classified impacts were studied and various researches were conducted on the influence and impacts of inter-organizational information systems for miniature company suppliers. At the first earlier analyzing were only done in an organization or company depending on the observation of the company executives and mainly the data that was in process in operational stability and measurable performance data was not taken into consideration and was not composed in order to know the impacts of inter organizational information systems. And at the second the studies on internet based electronic data interchange was concentrated in order to carry out purchases and also processes like one technology and one function was applied and later on other internet technology like e mail and various websites caused a presence. What I feel is that the clear comparisons on the intensity of inter organizational information systems and the impact on SMEs is not there in various articles. Research planning and its appropriateness Inter Organizational Information System contribute a lot towards their businesses and other organizations. Information used in organizations is for various functions like planning, controlling decision- making and organizing. The planning of information systems is done to support the activities of organizations information needs by recognizing the apt portfolio of applications that are computer based. Due to recent changes in the external business environment, Inter-organizations relationships have become an important part, which makes a need for organizations to interact, share information and technology, and even cooperate in a healthier way with each other. If theres a balanced approach between Business and IT, it is expected that business opportunities and advanced IT technologies are able to innovative essential plans. It can help the organizations to achieve their business goals. An organization needs to select a planning approach based on the management culture and business environment of the other organization. Its not an easy task to plan this system because of the stakeholders involvement, which means that organizations should be very careful in planning. There is also a possibility of using other organizations strategy, which is a negative impact. Success in the planning of Inter Organizations Information System has become difficult and a bit critical. It is been studied that a planning based on evolution and learning is more relevant and successful, builds a level of being adaptive and flexible in the process of coordinating and control activities. People in organization may differ in levels of IT skills and knowledge, it helps them to learn to understand and implement the challenges and benefits of the cooperating through an Information System. It is much difficult for an organization to cooperate in Inter-Organizational Information System if the Intra -Organizational infrastructure is still not maintained. The knowledge gained through this relates to building of Inter-organizational information system and issues like effects in the technologies. The plan of using IOIS has increased as theres a modification in the process of business, so that the organizations can respond well towards their opportunities, trading partners and even the needs of the customers. Thus, by planning IT system has enabled an organization to bring changes in its activities. The system helps in creating competitive advantage and also improves the economic performance of each organization. It helps in managing better relations with buyer-suppliers. By the process of planning to use the information system, organizations become dependent on each other and a mind-set of trust is increased among partners. For the development of cooperation between organizations, they need to assure that there is continuous flow of information between the cooperating partners. The main purpose of this system is to share data, information, business applications to make available the electronic transactions about buying and selling of goods and services for the business partners. It has also been recognized as a key or major factor for the growth in their business. So, there should be proper planning before implementing it, the organizations needs to be very careful, as its useful and at times a harmful for the organization. Key findings and limitations LIMITATIONS OF INTERNAL AND INTER ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS: In this context we will a have wider look on the merits and demerits of internet based internal and inter-organizational Information system for an Organization: As in this cut-throat competitive world of business, organizations have set up internal and inter organizational information system to run their business in a more efficient way.To begin with, first of all, we will discuss the merits of IOIS. Firstly Internal IT gives a wonderful chance to employees to understand the business strategies in a broader way. IOIS is also familiar for its business name Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), as it is an easier and comfortable way of interchanging data for organizations. Moreover Internal Information system helps employees up to a great extent to save their precious time, as they can collect data for their work sitting at one place only and it can be very helpful for organization in terms of gaining more profit. Furthermore, Inter-organizational information system is a boon in field of business for all organizations, as it gives comfort to them to collect and interchange their data while communicating via internet only, by using this indispensable tool of IT, it gives golden opportunity to organizations to place electronic order for goods, confirming their collection time and share number of other documents instantly with their business partners world wid. In addition, reduction in cost of communication, labor and paper work are other inevitable benefits are given by IOIS.IOIS gives chance to firms to improve their relations with their business partners and supply chain as well, as lots of problems and conflicts can be sorted out with far-away places trading partners with the introduction of this system and which gives a mutual benefit in business. In contrast, as each prospect involves pros and cons. So IOIS has few negative features as well. First grey area of IOIS is its additional expenditure to Value Added Network (VAN) reaches up to $5000-$7000 per month (Bartholomew 1997). Consequently, adoption of this system is not that much easy specially for small companies because of its expenditure, so it can be unaffordable to bear its cost for small scale organizations. As well as, for a successful Implementation of IOIS, a compatible hardware is must at both the ends, for instance, on one hand, one company is having a compatible set up for IOIS, however it is not the same with its trading partner on the other side, so it is obvious to arise difficulties while communicating and data interchange, so undoubtedly these hurdles due to poor hardware will affect the business financially as well as the relations personally in future. Moreover, one major drawback of this system is, as it is an internet designed system. So business strategies and policies, scheduling goods of various firms are available online such as financial reports and so on, So gathering and misusing data that is just childs play for a person who has full command on computer operations and that thing can be damaging for companies, as their secrecy can be leaked and misused by any other organization for their own benefits. Not surprisingly, IOIS is not reliable enough in terms of Security, as authentic informations and companys unwanted plans can be revealed and altered or adopted easily by any other company, which can harm the company in a harsh way. References Robert B Johnston, Kai Reimers, Stefan Klein, bled Slovenia june 21 23,2004 The Shaping Of Inter-Organisational Information Systems: Main Design Considerations Of An International Comparative Research Project http://www.wi.uni-muenster.de/wi/forschen/veroeff/Shaping_of_IOIS.pdf Jouni Kauremaa, Mikko Karkkainen, Timo Ala Risku, Helsinki university of technology , http://legacy-tuta.hut.fi/logistics/publications/IOIS_SME.pdf Stefan Klein, Stefan schellhammer, Kai reimers, Kai remer University of Munster, http://www.kai-reimers.net/Evolutionary%20Paths%20of%20Inter-organizational%20Information%20Systems.pdf Donatella Sciuto, bled Slovenia, June 6.8.2005 exploring the role of inter organizational information systems within SMEs aggregations, http://www.bledconference.org/proceedings.nsf/0/02d5f171ae4576e8c1257014004a2af8/$FILE/29Ravarini.pdf Nicholas Berente, Ryan Baxter, Case Western Reserve University, USA, supporting knowledge creating through inter-organizational information systems; pragmatic collaboration between object worlds, http://www.bledconference.org/proceedings.nsf/0/02d5f171ae4576e8c1257014004a2af8/$FILE/29Ravarini.pdf   Aurelio Ravarini, Federico Pigni, Giacomo Buonanno,1Università   Carlo Cattaneo, Italy 2005, Exploring the Role of Inter-Organizational,Information Systems within SMEs Aggregations London School of Economics and Political Science Stakeholder identification in inter-organizational systems:  gaining insights for drug use management systems Information Systems Department, Kenneth C.Laudon, Jane P.Laudon, Hardcover Edition, 2003. Management Information Systems, Deanna J. Richards, Braden R. Allenby and W. Dale Compton,  National Academy of Engineering ,2001, Information systems the Environment Source:www.ebrc.comAvailable http://www.ebrc.fi/kuvat/Makipaa_paper.pdf Source: www.bledconference.org http://www.bledconference.org/proceedings.nsf/0/02d5f171ae4576e8c1257014004a2af8/ $FILE/29Ravarini.pdf .khalid S.Soliman Hosfstra University (2000),http://www.wi.uni-muenster.de/wi/forschen/veroeff/Shaping_of_IOIS.pdf Brian D. Janz The University of Memphis (2000). Scala,S.and McGrath,R.,Advantages and disadvantages of Electronic data interchange, Information Management,Vol.25,no.2 August 1995,PP.85-91. Lacovou,C.L;Benbasat,I.;and Dexter,A.S. quarterly,Vol.19.No.4,December 1995,PP.465-485 ,Electronic data Interchange and small organizations : adoption and impact of technology ,MIS Khawaja A. Saeed1,*,  Manoj K. Malhotra,Varun Grover Article first published online: 2 AUG 2005 DOI:  10.1111/j.1540-5414.2005.00077.x, Examining the Impact of Interorganizational Systems on Process Efficiency and Sourcing Leverage in Buyer-Supplier Dyads Donald r greer, Laura, Richard j. Adams leadership and the dynamic of inter-organizational communication and development www.greerblackcompany.com/la1_2006_abstract.pdf Auther, chen, injazz, paulraj, antonym, lado Augustine, 2008, 2004 competency-antecedents-and-performance-outcomes-i-html,www.faqs.org/abstracts//inter-organizational-communication-as-a-relational Stanley e. Fawcett, Gregory magnan, Sergio g. lazzarini, Fabio r. chaddad , michall cook (2002) the rehetoric and reality of supply chain integration integrating supply chain and networking analysis: the study of net chains www.ssrn.com zu zhi xing wei xue- john r schermerhorn 2004 perspectives on organizational communication terrence l garinlo, ebrary, inc-2005, the strategic use of stories in organizational Organizational behavior CONCLUSION By this study we can examine to know that inter organizational information systems is the main factor for the connection of buyers and suppliers, to be in connectivity so that they can carry out all the transactions between them smoothly. We come to understand the concept and depth of inter organizational information systems in the merit to large and small enterprises, that information systems plays a main role in an organization for various processes and functions such as accounting, data transfer, emailing, recording data, secured transaction data and semi manual organized data. This type of functioning helps the organization to do its work and transacting of details to the computer and to the party with in a small period of time which makes the work of an organization even faster. Thus this even helps in building good relationship with buyers and sellers. This type of software is expensive most commonly termed as system to system. But various small companies or outlets need infor mation systems so semi automatic, system to human interface is provided thus this software is not expensive also and is effective for such data transfer. The term information system means handling or providing information about a particular subject from one party to another party in the mutual understanding between them. System to system and system to human integration has helped the buyers and sellers to resolve the problem of leaving back the barriers of electronic business but it is only partly resolution only if total efficient benefits are the aim. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 1. Research limitations on organizations whose business processes carried on by inter organizational information system tasks are mainly outsourced. 2. When needed the concepts relating to practical narrow area can be applied. 3. The reliability and sustainability in IOIS is a bitter experience for various organizations due to its inflexible electronic intend. 4.For doing various research on organizations researchers are not free to get important documents from the firms due to its secrecy, this documents could help researchers to find out a way around to provide solutions for various problems relating to IOIS impacts on SMEs. RECOMMENDATION In todays world of computer oriented functioning it is possible for information systems to get hacked by various hackers who do this to destroy ones organization and to steal money. I recommend that security measures should be taken by providing such strong software that can avoid unauthorized entry in the information systems of an organization. Inter organizational information systems effective functions depends on the management of the organization to implement effective procedures to resolve the errors caused in the information system and to keep an eye on the employee of the information technology department for their delay or miss input of data for transactions from system to system, that would cause in heavy loss to the organization. The study on comparisons between the intensity of inters organizational information systems and the brunt on small medium enterprises is not done or found in various books and articles. To determine the study on brunt on small medium enterprises should be taken into consideration. I recommend that small and medium sized enterprises should be taken into consideration because they have been departed from the co operated networks provided by inter organizational information systems. System to system integration is very expensive in comparison to system to human. In order to make all small, medium and large organizations to use this facility of software they should price the software in fluctuation comparison between both the data processing systems, depending to their customer needs and motives. REFERENCES University of Bedfordshire handbook, 2010-2011 Group report-6, 12.12.2010 inter organizational information systems 3. University of Bedfordshire BREO Conclusion Each every aspect Inter-organizational information system is an essential system to any kind of organization since it has been providing facility to run the organization in a smooth manner. Not only technological industries but also manufacturing, production kind of businesses need information systems to faster their functions within the organization. Not like earlier decades, now all organizations carry their activities based on e-business, computerized systems informational systems as a result of globalization. In our selected study it explains about how the inter-organizational information system acts in such a business which out-sources their activities. In here it shows the connectivity with out-sourcing divisions using information systems. If information systems is used by any kind of company, Organizational activities, business functions, customer relationships, industrial relationships can be maximized. It provides information which is relevant to decision making, build -up relationships among the organizational divisions within short time period; since Electronic systems are faster than the manual systems. Last not least we can say Information systems plays a wide role within the inter organizations by providing relevant details within a short time period by minimizing manual and technical errors. So every organization must incline to practise such systems for development of their business tasks in a proper manner. Research Limitations Mainly focuses on the business whose tasks are out-sourced. Concepts applied to narrow area when concerned It is not good for small scale companies Data relevant to decision making and other activities can be spread all over the sectors as well. It is a disadvantage to the organization. This mainly happens due to the company out sources their activities with external parties Recommendations Before practising of Information systems; company should aware of the system and must know about the information which are generated from the system which is being used to decision making within the industry. Cost to benefit analysis must be needed when company hopes to rely on such electronic system This system should be in a method of exchanging information in divisional levels and industry level in a trust worthy manner. Also this kind of information systems should be updated according to time to time; otherwise facts generation of such systems may be out-dated when taking decisions. Also decision taking based on out-dated information may leads to wrong picture about the organization in the industry. Inter-organizational information system is an important element to carry-out organization activities in business world since all the activities based on electronic systems such as internet business and so on. All the employees in the industry should be given a proper training in how to use such electronic internet based system in a proper manner. These kinds of systems should have some features like time saving, faster, proving proper facts related to activities, etc. All the systems which are based on internet systems to be in user friendly, otherwise it will be a difficult task to feeding and gaining of information by the users. References Kenneth C.Laudon, Jane P.Laudon, Hardcover Edition- 2003, Management Information Systems Deanna J. Richards, Braden R. Allenby and W. Dale Compton,  National Academy of Engineering  -2001, Information systems   the Environment CONCLUSION In my opinion, IT (Information Technology) refers to E-Business (Electronic Business) as well as EDI (Electronic Data Interchange). But all these aspects are very good source to spread business in the world wide area as well as to achieve smart goals for business. The new technology is well known the excellent result of inventions and innovations. Strong relationship between IT and IOS related to internal and external suppliers but it also depends on suppliers and buyers behavior. A high ability of management system of an organization spread it as a multinational company in the worldwide environment. But there can be seen two major aspect S2S (system to system) and S2H (system to human). S2S is an automatically (electronic) process and there is no need for the human mind. On the other hand, S2H is linked to internet as well as web portal because by the way of internet, data goes one person to another person. It is related to internet technology, e mails, and web-sites. The processes of business are based on IT and IOIS of the organization. Communication is also become a major aspect of busines